General Biology Spring Semester Final Study Guide The Final will be broken into five sections: -Meiosis & Protein Synthesis -Genetics -Evolution -Plants -Animals Each section will be composed of 20 questions with varying numbers of the following types of questions: -Multiple choices -Completion -Matching -True/false -Short answer -Essay (one essay ONLY per section) The best way to study is to look at each test taken this semester and make sure you know what the correct answer is and WHY. The questions on the final will be largely based on those you have seen on your exams. Some will be exactly the same as on previous exams, while most will be altered slightly. If you truly understand the question and answer, you will be very well prepared for this final. Below I have listed the various sections and key words/terms that you should study in order to succeed on this exam. Please contact me if you have any questions. Meiosis & Protein Synthesis: Homologous Chromosomes Crossing-over Haploid Diploid Gametes Somatic cells DNA nucleotide vs. RNA nucleotide mRNA (structure, location & function) tRNA (structure, location & function) rRNA (structure, location & function) Transcription Translation Base-Pairing Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil
Genetics: True-breeding Homozygous Heterozygous/Hybrid Punnett Square Alleles & allele frequency Phenotype Genotype Incomplete Dominance Codominance Multiple Alleles Polygenic Traits Pedigree Evolution: Natural Selection Survival of the Fittest Natural Variation Gene Pool Gene Shuffling Stabilizing Selection Directional Selection Disruptive Selection Genetic Drift Coevolution Convergent Evolution Genetic Equilibrium/Hardy-Weinberg Principles Extinction Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Plants: Plant Characteristics Gas Exchange Land plants vs. Water plants Xylem Phloem Vascular Tissue Stomata Fruits Germination Seed Dispersal Germination
Dormancy Root/root hairs Structure and Function of leaf, stem, and root Monocot vs. Dicot Animals: Characteristics of Animals Invertebrates Vertebrates Sponges Annelids (earthworms) Hermaphrodite Arthropod structures and systems Arthropod molting Mandibles Characteristics of Amphibians Frog structures and systems Gills Trends in animal evolution Bilateral symmetry vs. radial symmetry vs. asymmetry Anterior vs. Posterior vs. Dorsal vs. Ventral
