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Levitt, Steven D. 1998. “Why Do Increased Arrest Rates Appear to Reduce Crime: Deterence, Incapacitation, of Measurement Error?” Economic Inquiry; Jul 1998 36, 3; ABI/INFORM Complete pp. 353-372 Loury, G.C. 2002. The Anatomy of Racial Inequality. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press Pager, Devah. 2003. “The Mark of a Criminal Record.” American Journal of Sociology 108: 937-75 Raphael, Steven. 2004. “The Socioeconomic Status of Black Males: The Increasing Importance of Incarceration.” Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley. March. pp. 1- 38 Reider, Jonathan. 1985. Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn against Liberalism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press Sampson, Robert J. and John H. Laub. 1993. Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Sykes, Gresham. 1958. The Society of Captives, Princeton Univ. Press. Tonry, Michael. 1995. Malign Neglect: Race, Crime and Punishment in America. Oxford University Press Venkatesh, Sudir A. and Steven D. Levitt. 2000. “Are We a Family or a Business?’ History and Disjuncture in the Urban American Street Gang.” Theory and Society 29:427-62 Wacquant, Loїc, 2000. “The New ‘Peculiar Institution’: On the Prison as Surrogate Ghetto.” Theoretical Criminology 4:377-89 Wacquant, Loїc, 2001. “Deadly Symbiosis: When Ghetto and Prison Meet and Mesh.” Pp. 82-120 in Mass Imprisonment: Social Causes and Consequences, edited by David Garland. London: Sage. Warr, Mark. 1998. “Life-Course Transitions and Desistance From Crime.” Criminology 36: 183-216. Western, Bruce. 2006. Punishment and Inequality in America. New York: Russell Sage. Western, Bruce and Becky Pettit. 2005. “Black-White Wage Inequality, Employment Rates, and Incarceration.” American Journal of Sociology, Volume 111 Number 2 (September): pp. 553-78 Western, Bruce and Becky Pettit. 2004. “Mass Imprisonment and the Life Course: race and Class Inequality in U.S. Incarceration.” American Sociological Review, 2004, Vol. 69 (April:151-169) Western, Bruce, Becky Pettit, and Josh Guetzkow. 2002. “Black Economic Progress in the Era of Mass Imprisonment.” Pp. 165-80 in Invisible Punishment: The Collateral Consequences of Mass Imprisonment, edited by Marc Mauer and Meda Chesney-Lind. New York: Free Press. Western Bruce, and Katherine Beckett. 1999. “How Unregulated is the U.S. Labor Market? The Pena System as a Labor market Institution.” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 104, No. 4. pp. 1030-1060. Wilson, James Q. 1975. Thinking about Crime, New York: Basic Books Witte, Ann. “Estimating the Economic Model of Crime with Individual Data.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 1980, pp. 57-84.
