Gender differential in time spent in non-market household production in India: A benchmark study Laishram Ladusingh International Institute for Population Sciences India
Introduction Micro and macro economy production process which effects welfare of society includes not only market production but also household non-market production In all societies it is the women who contributes most to household non-market production However household non-market production goes unreported in the System of National Accounts (SNA) As a results women’s contribution to the welfare of society is not included in the calculation of GDP
Objectives
In this study an attempt is made to analyze time spent in non-market household production and assess gender differential in time spent Compare time spent in non-market household production by age and residence background
Data & Methods NSSO conducted the only time use survey for India in 1998-99 For members of households aged 6 years and above the survey collected information on time spent in doing different activities in minutes The survey covered six states of the country Descriptive statistics, diagrammatic presentation
Time spent by activities in India (in hour per day)
Statistics Number of observations Percentage(nu mber) not participating (exact zeros) Mean in hours 25th percentile in hours Median in hours 75th percentile in hours Variance in hours-squared
HH Primary Secondary maintenance production activities & management
Care of children, sick & elderly
Community Learning services
Social & Personal cultural care & selfactivities maintenance
63172
63172
63172
63172
63172
63172
63172
63172
50.9 (32141)
75.1 (47442)
47.1 (29759)
77.2 (48795)
99.0 (62539)
82.0 (51658)
44.2 (27924)
0.0 (3.1)
2.8
1.8
2.2
0.4
0.02
1.4
1.4
14.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12.2
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
13.5
6.0
0.0
4.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.2
15.3
14.1
13.2
9.0
0.9
0.1
9.7
3.9
7.9
Average time use in hours per day by activity ,sex and residence India (1998-99)
Activity
Rural Male
Female
Urban Average
Male
Female
Average
Primary production Activities
4.56
2.86
3.73
0.53
0.36
0.45
Secondary activities HH maintenance and management
1.72
0.44
1.10
5.80
1.03
3.51
0.30
4.15
2.17
0.29
4.45
2.29
Care of children, sick and elderly
0.13
0.64
0.38
0.13
0.72
0.41
Community services
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
Learning Social and cultural activities, mass media Personal care and self maintenance
1.47
1.03
1.26
1.70
1.52
1.61
1.33
0.94
1.14
2.23
2.19
2.21
14.49
13.92
14.21
13.31
13.73
13.51
3.51 0.02
1.61
1.26
2.21
1.14
Personal care and self maintenance
0.01
Social and cultural activities, mass media
0.41
Learning
2.29
Community services
0.38
Care of children, sick and elderly
1.10 2.17
HH maintenance and management
Secondary activities
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Primary production Activities
Average Time Use In Hours Per Day by Activities 0.45 13.51
3.73 Urban
14.21 Rural
Average time use in hours per day on different activities by sex & residence Personal care and self maintenance Female Urban
Social and cultural activities, mass media Learning
Male Community services Care of children, sick and elderly
Rural
Female
HH maintenance and management
Male
Secondary activities 0
5
10
15
20
Gender Differential in Time Spent by Age Care for child, sick and elderly
Household Management
90
400
80
350
70
300
60
250
50 200 40 150
30
100
20 10
50
0
0 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 Female
Male
6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 Female
Male
Average time use in hours per day on different activities by broad age groups 0.01 0.37
0.57
0.15
5.36 0.01
13.65
13.85
0.01
60+ 16-59
2.98
Personal care & self maintenance
0.30
1.06
Social & cultural activities
0.79
1.00 17.73
0.03
Learning
0.46
Care of children, sick & elderly
2.74
HH maintenance & management
2.31
0.37
Secondary activities
3.40
1.49
Community services
2.55
0.83
Primary production
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
6-15
0.60
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.92 0.19 Personal care & self maintenance
14.65 3.08 0.52
Social & cultural activities
2.97 0.53
3.79
Learning
0.01
Paid work
Community services
2.01
Care of children, sick & elderly
1.85
HH maintenance & management
13.70
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Secondary activities
0.92
Literate
Primary production
1.83 0.31
Personal care & self maintenance
0.02
Social & cultural activities
2.21
Learning
Non-literate
Community services
4.29
Care of children, sick & elderly
2.07
HH maintenance & management
Secondary activities
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Primary production
Average time spent in hours per day on different activities among females by age groups Unpaid work
0.41
1.57
14.26
1.87
2.27
4.59 13.64
0.82
0.03
Conclusion It is evident that women spent much more time in food preparation, household maintenance, care of children and sick than men Though non-market household production contributes to welfare of the society it is not considered as part of the GDP There is gradual realization of the contribution of women in the economy of a country and some countries have already accounted non-market household production in extended SNA Integration of NTA and NTTA shall be a step towards Gender accounting particularly for India Time use survey with nationwide coverage for India is recommended
Thank You
