GUIDELINES FINAL YEAR PROJECT (PITA) Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Session 2015/2016
GUIDELINES FINAL YEAR PROJECT (PITA)
School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (PPSPA)
Advisor Dr mazlan Editor Mrs Wendy Wee Coordinator Mr Zul
Copyright
Table of Contents
Part I Introduction Final Year Project, or Projek Ilmiah Tahun Akhir (PITA) is the program’s core course offered to students from Bachelor of Applied Science (Fisheries) and Bachelor of Science in Agrotechnology (Aquaculture), School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (PPSPA), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation. The course codes for B. Appl. Sc. (Fisheries) are FIS4998 and FIS4999, whereas the course codes for B. Sc. Agrotechnology (Aquaculture) are AQU4998 and AQU4999. In general, PITA is offered to final year students and carries a total of 6 credit hours, i.e. 2 credit hours for PITA I (FIS/ AQU4998) and 4 credit hours for PITA II (FIS/ AQU4999). PITA must be completed in two consecutive semesters. The main objectives of PITA are to train students in conducting research project and to write and present scientifically in a given time frame. Activities in PITA I emphasize on literature review and project planning which aim to train students in writing and presentation of proposal for the project to be carried out in PITA II, the following semester. Activities in PITA II include execution of proposed project, data collection and analysis, writing and presentation of scientific report which aim to train students in time management, ethics in research, and scientific writing. For each program, a PITA coordinator is appointed to coordinate the following activities: i.
registration of supervisor and title (Borang PITA 1)
ii.
briefings for the preparation of proposal and scientific report
iii.
reports submission
iv.
presentation schedule
v.
marks entry (Borang PITA 2A, Borang PITA 2B, Borang PITA 3A, Borang PITA 3B, Borang PITA 4A, Borang PITA 4B)
Every students is required to work as an individual, with support from a PPSPA supervisor, in conducting research project on topics related to their academic program. Number of students under supervision for each supervisor is subjected to the decision by the School.
Supervisor plays important roles in guiding the students under supervision on scientific writing and presentation by checking and providing feedback to the drafts of writing and presentation submitted by students, monitoring the progress of project, and to evaluate the performance and attitude of students in terms of writing, presentation and project execution. Therefore, it is important that students take the initiative and communicate with their supervisor regularly for guidance and advice to ensure their works comply with the requirement. Students are also required to record all activities related to PITA in a log book and get the log book signed (and stamped) by the supervisor for every consultation. A log book is used as a supporting document in the assessment of performance and attitude of a student. Besides, students are reminded to comply with the important dates and rules set for each PITA activities and for the usage of the laboratory and hatchery facilities. Students must complete the scientific report in accordance with the specified format and the number of pages for main body of the scientific report (Chapter 1 to Chapter 5) should not be more than 50 pages. 1.1
Procedure for PITA Briefing 1 Course introduction
Scientific report submission
Confirmation of supervisor and title registration
Correction and binding of scientific report
Briefing 2 Proposal preparation
Open scientific report presentation
Proposal preparation
Final draft submission
Written proposal submission
Scientific report preparation
Open proposal presentation
Briefing 3 Scientific report preparation
Project execution
1.2
PITA Assessment
Semester I
Semester II
PITA I (0+2) credits
PITA II (0+4) credits
Student’s performance (15%) and attitude (5%) (Borang PITA 2A)
20%
Student’s performance (15%) and attitude (5%) (Borang PITA 2B)
20%
Written proposal (Borang PITA 3A)
40%
Final scientific report (Borang PITA 4A)
60%
Proposal presentation (Borang PITA 3B)
40%
Scientific report presentation (Borang PITA 4B)
20%
Total
100%
Total
100%
1.3 Plagiarism According to Kamus Dewan, plagiarism is defined as the practice of taking someone else’s words, ideas and etc. and passing them off as one’s own. Plagiarism is one of the serious offences in academic writing and stern action can be taken by the School. Plagiarism of any kind will not be tolerated. Academic writing by student should be done with full integrity and claim for credit if only the works is done by student’s own. Students must acknowledge the works by original author by proper citation and referencing to avoid allegation of plagiarism. 1.4
Copyright/ Intellectual Property All finding, formulation, design or patent is owned by UMT. However, the University may consider the application to share the copyright/ intellectual property with the researcher (supervisor) and/ or third parties. Copyright of written reports belongs to the author (student).
Part 2 Guide to the Preparation of PITA Reports 2.1
Technical Specification of PITA reports The following technical specification applies to PITA reports which include the Written Proposal and Scientific Report
2.1.1 Language, font type and font size PITA reports should be prepared in American/ British English using 12pt Times New Roman throughout the reports, including the pagination. However, 9 - 11 pt Times New Roman can be used in figures and tables. In exceptional cases where scientific report to be prepared in Bahasa Malaysia, the student must seek approval from the Dean at the beginning of PITA registration. 2.1.2 Page layout Margin setup on A4 paper (210 mm x 297 mm) is as follows: • • • •
Top : 2.54 cm Left : 3.8 cm Bottom : 2.54 cm Right : 2.54 cm
Typing should be done in Portrait orientation, unless some tables and figures which can only fit into Landscape orientation. Other typing specifications that need to be complied are as follows: • • • • • •
Title of the chapter is centred Headings and subheadings are set to align text left First line indent of each paragraph at 0.5 inch (1.27 cm) Justify the text (align text to both the left and right margins) 2 characters spacing after full stop 1 character spacing after comma
2.1.3 Spacing Main body of the PITA reports should be typed double-spaced with 0 pt spacing before and after the paragraph. The following, however, should be single-spaced: • Endorsement
• Declaration • Acknowledgements • Abstract • • • • • • •
Abstrak Table of Contents List of Abbreviations, Tables, Figures, and Appendices Headings and subheadings Title/ Captions of tables and figures References Biodata of the Author
Last paragraph of the page should consist of at least two lines of sentences. Move the paragraph to next page as new paragraph if less than two lines of sentences. 2.1.4 Numbering for chapter and subheadings All chapters, headings and subheadings must be numbered. Chapter is numbered using Arabic numerals, i.e., Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 3, etc. Main headings and subheadings are numbered within each chapter and to be limited to four levels. Subheadings are not indented but structured accordingly as follows: Primary level numbering (Main heading no. 1, e.g., 2.1) Secondary level numbering (Subheading no. 1, e.g., 2.1.1) Third level numbering (Sub-subheading no. 1, e.g., 2.1.1.1) 2.1.5 Pagination All pages should be numbered centrally at the bottom margin using 12 pt Times New Roman. Preliminary pages before Chapter 1 must be numbered consecutively in lower case Roman numerals (i, ii, iii). Title page is not numbered as though it is counted as page i. Pages for main body must be numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3) beginning with first page of Chapter 1 (Introduction) as page 1. 2.1.6 Printing and copies Printing is allowed on single-sided only. PITA reports to be submitted must be printed using laser printer or of equal quality on 80 gsm A4 paper. Only copies of good printing quality will be accepted.
2.1.7 Preparation and submission of PITA reports Student is required to prepare ONE (1) written proposal and TWO (2) final draft of scientific report in accordance with the PITA format by comb binding. Copies of the reports must be submitted to the coordinator by deadline for assessment (Borang PITA 3A and Borang PITA 4A). Marks will be deducted for late submission. 2.1.8 Correction and submission of hard bound scientific report Student should discuss with supervisor and do corrections as suggested. Corrections made by the student should be endorsed by supervisor before sending for case binding. Student is required to submit at least ONE (1) hard bound scientific report and ONE (1) soft copy of scientific report in Microsoft Word (.doc or .docx) format on a CD to PITA coordinator. Student who failed to do so will not be allowed to graduate. 2.1.9 Hard bound scientific report Scientific report should be bound with green (e.g., code 563, Hollingworth & Moss Ltd.) hard cover. The following particulars should be in CAPITAL LETTER, gold lettering using 18 pt ARIAL NARROW on the front cover: a. Title of the scientific report b. Full name of the author c. Name of the School, University; and year of submission Title of scientific report should be single-spaced and arranged in the form of inverted pyramid at 5 cm from the top edge. Scientific name must be in small letter, except for the first letter, and italicized (e.g. Artemia salina). Full name of the author must be provided as stated on identity card/ passport excluding bin, binti, A/P, A/L, S/O, D/O, etc. The following particulars should be in CAPITAL LETTER, gold lettering using 18 pt ARIAL NARROW on the spine: a. Full name of the author b. Degree c. Year of submission Refer Appendix 1 for example of front cover and spine layout of the scientific report .
2.2
Content of the PITA reports PITA reports generally consist of three main parts: the preliminary pages, the main text/ body (Chapter 1- Chapter 5) and the ending pages (References, Appendices and Biodata of the Author). Content for proposal and Scientific Report as listed below: Proposal
Preliminary Title page pages
Scientific Report Title page Endorsement Declaration Acknowledgements Abstract Abstrak
Main text
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
List of Abbreviations
List of Tables
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Figures
List of Appendices
List of Appendices
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Methods
Chapter 3 Materials and Methods
Chapter 4 Expected Results
Chapter 4 Results & Discussion Chapter 5 Conclusion
Ending pages
References
References
Appendices
Appendices
- Project Schedule (gantt chart) Biodata of the Author
2.3
Description of the content for preliminary pages
2.3.1 Title page Title page should include the following particulars in single-spaced (Appendix 2): a. b. c. d.
TITLE OF THE REPORT Full name of the author Degree for which the scientific report is submitted NAME OF THE SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY; AND YEAR OF SUBMISSION
2.3.2 Endorsement Student must obtain signature and official stamping from supervisor for endorsement after corrections have been made. Refer Appendix 3 for the format of Endorsement. 2.3.3 Declaration Student should sign on Declaration page. Refer Appendix 4 for the format of Declaration. 2.3.4 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements contain written expressions of appreciation to individuals or organizations that have contributed to the completion of PITA and are limited to ONE (1) page only. 2.3.5 Abstract and the translation Abstract includes a brief statement of the problem/ research question, research methodology, summary of major findings and conclusion. Abstract should be typed in ONE (1) paragraph without first line indent. Abstract written in English must be followed by the corresponding abstract in Bahasa Malaysia in separate page. The length of abstract should be in between 150 to 250 words in a paragraph. Refer Appendix 5 for example of Abstract and Appendix 6 for example of Abstrak. 2.3.6 Table of Contents The Table of Contents lists all the relevant content of the report in sequence. Refer Appendix 7 for example of Table of Contents.
2.3.7 List of Abbreviations Whenever abbreviations and acronyms (e.g., FAO, WHO) are used in the report, it is best to list them in a List of Abbreviations together with their meanings or full names. Abbreviations are sorted alphabetically followed by symbols. SI units and universally recognized scientific symbols such as cm, mm, kg, ha, °C, % need not be listed. Refer Appendix 8 for example of List of Abbreviations. 2.3.8 List of Tables List of Tables lists the exact titles or captions of all tables in the main text, together with the beginning page number of each table. Tables are numbered by chapter, for example the third table in Chapter 2 is numbered as Table 2.3. Refer Appendix 9 for example of List of Tables. 2.3.9 List of Figures List of Figures lists the exact titles or captions of all figures in the main text, together with the beginning page number of each figure. Figures are numbered by chapter, for example the second figure in Chapter 4 is numbered as Figure 4.2. Refer Appendix 10 for example of List of Figures. 2.3.10 List of Appendices List of Appendices lists the exact titles or captions of all appendices, together with the beginning page number of each appendix. Appendices should be named alphabetically (Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.) with an appropriate title. Refer Appendix 11 for example of List of Appendices. 2.4
Description of the content for main text
2.4.1 Chapter 1 Introduction This chapter consists of background of study, problem statement, significance of study and objectives to be attained. 2.4.2 Chapter 2 Literature Review This chapter shows a critical review of literatures related to the study. The selected literature such as book, journal article, magazine, and technical report must be up to date, analyzed and synthesized logically. It is not merely a summary of works by different authors. Citation must be relevant to the title, objective, materials and methods, basic theories and approaches used in the study.
2.4.3 Chapter 3 Materials and Methods This chapter elaborates in detail methods and techniques used in the study including the materials, apparatus, equipment, experimental design, and the data analysis. 2.4.4 Chapter 4 Results and Discussion This chapter is subdivided into two sections: results, followed by discussion. For Results, it presents a complete account of the results and analyses of the study in the form of figures or tables, whichever deemed appropriate. Elaboration of the results in text form must precede the figures and tables. As for Discussion, it discusses the results of the study in relation to the hypotheses of the study and to the information gathered in literature review. This also highlights the significance and implications of the findings. 2.4.5 Chapter 5 Conclusion This chapter draws conclusion in line with the objectives set at the beginning of the study. Suggestions or recommendations for future study need to be put forward together with the conclusion. Refer Appendix 12 for chapter layout. 2.5
Format of the Tables All tables must be numbered with Arabic numerals by chapter, e.g., Table 2.3 (the third table in Chapter 2). Captions or title of the table must be single-spaced, aligned to the centre and placed above the table. Statement about the table must precede the table, e.g., “Table 4.1 explains the nutritional value of bacterial strains fed to Artemia......”. Table should be placed right after the first mentioned in the text. It should not to be placed at other page or at the end of the chapter. Whenever a table is inserted horizontally, the top of the table must be at the binding edge. The table number and caption are typed parallel to the way the table is presented. However, page number is typed in standard text position.
Example of table: Table 4.1: Nutritional value of bacterial strains fed to Artemia A Bacteria strains
Non-Induced
B Induced
Non-Induced
Induced
Artemia length (mm)
Survival (%)
Artemia length (mm)
Survival (%)
Artemia length (mm)
Survival (%)
Artemia length (mm)
CAG 626 44 ± 4cd 0.8 ± 0.1b
59 ± 6c
0.8 ± 0.1b
51 ± 6b
0.8 ± 0.1b
51 ± 4b
0.8 ± 0.1a
CAG 629 27 ± 3de 0.8 ± 0.1b
38 ± 2d
0.8 ± 0.1b
22 ± 3c
0.8 ± 0.1b
21 ± 3c
0.8 ± 0.1a
P0
62 ± 6bc 1.0 ± 0.1a 66 ± 5bc 1.0 ± 0.1a
61 ± 3b
1.0 ± 0.1a
63 ± 8b
1.0 ± 0.1a
P1
87 ± 10ab 0.9 ± 0.1ab 91 ± 8a
84 ± 7a 1.0 ± 0.1ab 84 ± 3a
1.0 ± 0.1a
P2
87 ± 13ab 1.0 ± 0.1a 85 ± 8ab 1.0 ± 0.1ab 87 ± 12a 1.0 ± 0.1b
90 ± 2a
0.9 ± 0.1a
P3
88 ± 11a 1.0 ± 0.2ab 93 ± 9a 0.9 ± 0.1ab 93 ± 2a
91 ± 1a
1.0 ± 0.1a
Survival (%)
0.9 ± 0.1a
1.0 ± 0.1b
Replicate experiments are labeled as A and B. Bacteria were either non-induced or they were induced by heat shocking (CAG 626 and CAG 629) or with arabinose (P0, P1, P2, P3). Standard deviation (mean ± S.D.) is included for each average. Means within the same column showing the same superscript letter are not significantly different (p>0.05).
Example of table adapted from other sources: Table 2.1: Phospholipid levels previously used in nutritional studies with crustacean larvae (Holme et al., 2009) Species
Phospholipid level
References
Penaeus monodon
1–1.5%
Paibulkichakul et al. (1998)
P. vannamei
1%
Pedroza-Islas et al. (2004)
Macrobrachium rosenbergii
1%
Kamarudin and Roustaian (2002)
Scylla serrata (megalopa)
3%
Genodepa et al. (2004)
S. serrata (megalopa)
0–4%
Holme et al. (2007)
2.6
Format of the Figures Illustrations such as graphs, charts, drawings, images, maps, flow chart, diagrams and photographs are considered as figures. All figures provided must be in highest quality with sharpness and clarity for printing.
All figures must be numbered with Arabic numerals by chapter, e.g., Figure 3.1 (the first figure in Chapter 3). Captions or title of the figure must be single-spaced, aligned to the centre and placed below the figure. Statement about the figure must precede the figure, e.g., “Figure 3.1 shows the locations of sampling stations near Bidong Island, Terengganu......”. Figure should be placed right after the first mentioned in the text. It should not to be placed at other page or at the end of the chapter. Whenever a figure is inserted horizontally, the top of the figure must be at the binding edge. The figure number and caption are typed parallel to the way the figure is presented. However, page number is typed in standard text position. Example of figure: 100° E
102° E
104° E
103°03 E
South China Sea 6° N
Kuala Terengganu
Bidong Island 4° N
Straits of Malacca
St. B 2° N
5°36 N
St. A
Peninsular Malaysia
1 km
Figure 3.1: Locations of the sampling stations near Bidong Island, State of Terengganu, Malaysia. Two stations were sampled; St. A (shallow coralreef station): 2.3 ± 0.7 m (mean ± SD) depth and St. B (an offshore station): 15.8 ± 1.1 m depth (Mizubayashi et al., 2013)
2.7
Description of the content for ending pages
2.7.1 References References is a term commonly taken to represent a list of works cited in the main text. All references must be listed in complete to avoid allegation of plagiarism. Do not include any non-cited works or bogus references. Refer Part 3: Guideline for Referencing for proper writing of citations and references. References are arranged alphabetically by the name of author. Only accredited websites (e.g., FAO, DOF, WHO) can be used for reference. Wikipedia is not accepted for reference. Refer Appendix 13 for example of References. 2.7.2 Appendices This section includes supporting materials that have been referred to in the reports, such as raw data, preliminary tests, questionnaires, forms, detailed instructions/ manual, very lengthy quotations and other pertinent documents. Each appendix must be mentioned in the main text and named alphabetically in upper case followed by the title, e.g., APPENDIX A Raw data for percentage of survival in trial 1. Refer Appendix 14 for example of Appendix. 2.7.3 Biodata of the Author This section shows the particulars of the author including the name, gender, nationality, identity card/ passport no., race, religion, permanent address, contact no., email address, and educational background (secondary and tertiary education). Refer Appendix 15 for example of Biodata of the Author.
Part 3 Guide to Referencing In the preparation of PITA reports, you are required to refer to other publications. This process involves citation, or quotation. It is important to prepare citation and references consistently and accurately to help authors and readers in searching the related resources and information for future reference. 3.1 Citation All statement, opinion, conclusion, etc. that are taken from works of other authors, whether in the form of direct quotation, paraphrased or summarized, need to be cited in the main text. The author-year system which consists of the name of author and the year of publication is a common way of citation. Avoid cross-reference or secondary reference. Examples of citation involving single and multiple authors are given as follows: DESCRIPTION Publication by single author
EXAMPLE
-
Use the surname of the author (do not include suffixes such as Jr.) and the year of publication (include only the year, even if the reference includes month and year) for citing in text
Sampson (2014) provides an overview of the three main processes that contribute to fishery selection and its relevance to stock assessment and fishery management.
-
If the author and year are given as part of the textual discussion, exclude parenthetical information
A spatial model for fishery ageselectivity is used to demonstrate that the maximum relative yield harvested from a stock can be a function of both contact selection and the spatial distribution of fishing (Sampson, 2014).
-
Within a paragraph, do not include the year in subsequent references if the study cannot be confused with other studies cited
DESCRIPTION
Sampson (2014) used a spatial model for fishery age-selectivity to demonstrate that the maximum relative yield harvested from a stock. Sampson also described the fundamental processes that result in fishery selectivity, including contact selection by a single type of gear and by mixtures of different geartypes.
EXAMPLE
Publication by multiple authors -
When a work has two authors, always cite both names in text. Join the names of the author by the word ‘and’
Spatial model of Sampson and Scott (2011) is combined with the standard equations for growth and reproduction to form an equilibrium model for spawning biomass and yield.
-
When a work has more than two authors, include only the surname of the first author followed by “et al.” (give a period after “al”) and the year
The issue of how to choose between using age- or length-based selection in a stock assessment remains generally unexplored (Punt et al., 2013).
-
In exceptional case, cite the surnames of the first authors and of as many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish the two references, followed by a comma and “et al.”
Chai, Murrell and Lymbery (2005) and Chai, Lymbery, et al. (2005) reported the status of fish-borne parasitic zoonoses. [The two references are: Chai, J.-Y., Murrell, K.D. and Lymbery, A.J. (2005); Chai, J.-Y., Lymbery, A.J., Murrell, K.D. and Shin, E.-H. ( 2005)
-
When citing multiple publications, separate the citation by semi colon (;)
Farmed fish of a variety of species have shown to be hosts of trematode parasites (Chi et al., 2008; Thanh et al., 2009).
Corporate authors -
Corporate authors are usually spelled out each time they appear in a text citation. The names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first citation and abbreviated thereafter
(Food And Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO], 2010) – first text citation (FAO, 2010) – subsequent text citation (University of Florida, 2013) – cited in full in all text citations
Works by anonymous author -
If an author is anonymous, the author is designated as “Anon”, followed by a comma and the year of publication
(Anon, 2014)
Authors with the same surname -
When there are authors with the same surname, include the authors’ initials in all text citations to avoid confusion
DESCRIPTION
P.D. Luce (2001) and R.A. Luce (2002) found similar pattern in fish protein.
EXAMPLE
Two or more works within the same parentheses -
Arrange two or more works by the same authors in sequence of publication year. Give the authors’ surnames once; for each subsequent work, give only the year.
Farmed fish of a variety of species have shown to be hosts of trematode parasites (Thien et al., 2007, 2009). Thien et al. (2007, 2009) reported that various farmed fish have shown to be hosts of trematode parasites.
-
When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year, these are distinguished by adding lower case letters (a, b, c, etc.) after the year and within the parentheses. The suffixes are assigned in the reference list.
Humans acquire fishborne parasitic zoonoses through the consumption of infected raw, undercooked, or inadequately preserved fish (Phan et al., 2010a, 2010b; Lima dos Santos and Howgate, 2011.).
Personal communications -
Personal communications including letter, memo, electronic communications (e.g., e-mail, discussion groups, and messages from electronic bulletin boards), telephone conversations, etc. are not included in the reference list. They are cited in text only. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact data as possible.
The most popular freshwater fish in Hanoi is catfish (V.G. Nguyen, personal communication, September 28, 2008).
3.2
Format of writing references The author-year system of citation in the text required a complete list of references at the ending pages, before Appendices. Reference should be typed in single-spaced and hanging indent is set at 0.5 inch (1.27 cm). The references are arranged alphabetically by the name of author. Refer Appendix 13 for example of References.
3.2.1 Writing the name of the author Generally, the name of author refers to the family name, given a comma, followed by the initials. Examples: David B. Sampson or D.B. Sampson is typed as Sampson, D.B. Carlos A.M. Lima dos Santos is typed as Lima dos Santos, C.A.M. Mohd Azmi Ambak is typed as Ambak, M.A. Ang Kok Jee is typed as Ang, K.J. S. Nair-Venugopal is typed as Nair-Venugopal, S. Hathairat Kruevaisayawan is typed as Kruevaisayawan, H. EXCEPTION In exceptional cases, some authors have preference to use their first name or part of their name in publications. Examples: Najiah Musa is typed as Najiah, M. Yeong Yik Sung is typed as Sung, Y.Y. 3.2.2 Books Name of the author (a complete list of all the authors). Year. Title of the book. In: Name of the Editor/ Translator (if any). Title of the book series and volume/ series number (if any). Edition (if any). Place of Publication: Publisher. Page number. There are 3 ways of writing the page number: 63 p p 45 Pp. 5-8
– a book with a total of 63 pages – refer to page 45 of the book – refer to page 5 to 8 of the book
Examples: New, M.B. and Valenti, W.C. 2000. Freshwater prawn culture: the farming of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. London: Blackwell Science. 443 p. Luten, J.B., Jacobsen, C., Bekaert, K. Saebo, A. and Oehlenschlager, J. 2006. Seafood research from fish to dish: quality, safety and processing of wild and farmed fish. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers. p 60. Bernard, D. and Scott, V. 2007. Hazard analysis and critical control point system: use in controlling microbiological hazards. In: Doyle, M.P. and Beuchat, L.R. (eds.) Food microbiology: fundamentals and frontiers. Washington: ASM Press. Pp. 971-986. 3.2.3 Journal articles Name of the author (a complete list of all the authors). Year. Title of the article. Title of the Journal (in full name) Volume number: page number. Examples: Han, S.F., Liu Y.C., Zhou, Z.G., He, S.X., Cao, Y.A., Shi, P.J., Yao, B. and Ringo, E. 2010. Analysis of bacterial diversity in the intestine of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) based on 16S rDNA gene sequences. Aquaculture Research 42: 47–56. Memon, A.J., Ikhwanuddin, M., Talpur, A.D., Khan, M.I., Fariddudin, M.O., Safiah, J. and Abol-Munafi, A.B. 2012. To determine the efficiency of different fresh diets in improving the spermatophore quality of banana shrimp Penaeus merguiensis (De Man, 1888). Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 11: 1478-1485. Nelson, J. A. 2014. Breaking wind to survive: fishes that breathe air with their gut. Journal of Fish Biology 84: 554–576. Rungrassamee, W., Klanchui, A., Chaiyapechara, S., Maibunkaew, S., Tangphatsornruang, S., Jiravanichpaisal, P. and Karoonuthaisiri, N. 2013. Bacterial population in intestines of the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) under different growth stages. PLoS ONE 8(4): e60802. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060802
3.2.4 Proceedings Name of the author (a complete list of all the authors). Year. Title of the paper. In: Title of the Proceedings. Name of the Editor. Organizer, Conference Venue, Date. Page number of the paper. Example: Mohammmad Aizat, J., Mohd Anuar, R. and Suhaimi, A.R. 2011. Fiqh analysis on the legal status of coprophagous animals: a special reference to the Malaysian aquaculture industry. In: Proceedings of International Fisheries Symposium 2011: Towards a sustainable fisheries in South East Asia. Ambak, M.A., Sakri, I., Najiah, M., Mohd Fariduddin, O., Shahreza, M.S., Marina, H., Nadirah, M., Seah, Y.G., Ikhwanuddin, M., Danish-Daniel, M.A. and Azlan, M.D. (eds.). Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia, 3-5 October 2011. Pp. 213- 215. 3.2.5 Magazines/ Bulletins Name of the author (a complete list of all the authors). Year. Title of the article. Title of the Magazine/ Bulletin Volume number: page number. Example: Lefebvre, L. S., and Denson, M.R. 2012. Inshore spawning of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) in South Carolina. Fishery Bulletin 110: 397–412. 3.2.6 Newspaper Name of the author (a complete list of all the authors). Year. Title of the article. Name of the Newspaper, Date: page number. Examples: Chong, C.S. 2014. Aquaculture centres to solve dwindling catch. News Straits Times, 7 July 2014: 3. Mohd Sabran Md Sani. 2013. Satu liter darah biru RM15,500. Utusan, 19 Mac 2013: Agro 3.2.7 Unpublished Materials Name of the author (a complete list of all the authors). Year. Title of the unpublished material. Name and place of the collection. Date of the unpublished materials (if any). Page number.
Unpublished materials include thesis/ dissertation, scientific report, technical report, annual report and working papers. Examples : Thesis/ dissertation/ scientific report Ros, A. F. 2013. Comparison of heavy metal contents in captured fish between Selangor and Kuala Terengganu. Final year project report, School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu. Pp. 25-30. Mok, W. J. 2007. Mass production of rotifer using self-produced concentrated Nannochloropsis sp. M.Sc. thesis, Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah. Pp. 45-53. Technical report/ Annual report/ Working paper Fischer, J. (ed.). 2013. Fish identification tools for biodiversity and fisheries assessments: review and guidance for decision-makers. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 585. FAO, Rome. 107 p. NACA, Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific and FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2014. Quarterly aquatic animal disease report (Asia and Pacific region), 2013/4, October – December 2013. NACA, Bangkok, Thailand. 56 p. 3.2.8 Websites Name of the author (a complete list of all the authors)/ Organization. Year. Title of the webpage. Name of the Organization/ Website [online]. Available from website address [Accessed on date]. Examples: New, M. B. 2004-2014. Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online]. Updated 1 January 2004. Available from http:// www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Macrobrachium_rosenbergii/en [Accessed on 24 September 2014]. OIE, World Organisation for Animal Health. 2014. Manual of diagnostic tests for aquatic animals 2014. OIE [online]. Available from http:// www.oie.int/en/international-standard-setting/aquaticmanual/accessonline/ [Accessed on 1 September 2014].
Appendix 1 Example of of front cover and spine layout of the Scientific Report 2.54 cm 5 cm AMINAH HASAN
DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER CATFISH (Pangasius pangasius) CRACKER AND ITS PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
X
B. APPL. SC. (FISHERIES)
AMINAH HASAN
X
2016
SCHOOL OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE SCIENCES UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU 2016 3 cm
2.54 cm
Abbreviations for degree (on the spine): B. APPL. SC. (FISHERIES) B. SC. AGROTECHNOLOGY (AQUACULTURE)
Appendix 2 Example of Title Page 2.54 cm DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER CATFISH (Pangasius pangasius) CRACKER AND ITS PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
X
By Aminah Hasan
X
3.8 cm
Scientific Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Applied Science (Fisheries)
X
SCHOOL OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE SCIENCES UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU 2016
2.54 cm Degree: Bachelor of Applied Science (Fisheries) Bachelor of Science in Agrotechnology (Aquaculture)
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Appendix 3 Format of Endorsement
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ENDORSEMENT double spacing
The scientific report entitled ………… (TITLE) ……..………. ………………...................…………………………………….. by ………………(Name) ………………………… Matric No. UK XXXXX has been reviewed and corrections have been made according to the recommendations by examiner. This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of …..………………………………………………, School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu.
2x double spacing 3.8 cm
(signature) (SUPERVISOR’S NAME) Main Supervisor stamp
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Appendix 4 Format of Declaration 2.54 cm
DECLARATION double spacing
I hereby declare that the work in this scientific report is my own except for quotations and summaries which have been duly acknowledged. 2x double spacing
Signature : ................................................. Name
: .................................................
Matric No. : ................................................. Date
: ................................................. 2.54 cm
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Appendix 5 Example of Abstract 2.54 cm
ABSTRACT double spacing
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The average proximate compositions of boiled and raw jackfruit seed as well as Artemia fed with boiled jackfruit seed suspension and dried Spirulina were examined in this study. Boiled seeds were shown to contain 56.7% moisture, 21.3% digestible carbohydrate, 17.5% protein, 2.8% ash, 1.3% fiber and 0.5% lipid. Raw seeds on the other hand possessed 55.0% moisture, 19.4% digestible carbohydrate, 18.7% protein, 3.5% ash, 2.8% fiber and 0.6% lipid. An eight days Artemia biomass fed with boiled seeds had 62.2% protein, 21.4% digestible carbohydrate, 8.4% fiber, 5.1% lipid, and 2.8% ash, whereas those fed with dried Spirulina consist 70.1% protein, 9.8% digestible carbohydrate, 7.7% fiber, 6.9% ash and 5.47% lipid. Protein content in Spirulina was two-fold higher than boiled seed suspension, indicating that Artemia are efficient protein converter. Artemia was able to survive and grow at similar rates as well as having a comparable nutritional value with those fed 2.54 cm with Spirulina, suggesting that boiled jackfruit seed suspension is a good inert feed to substitute microalgae in Artemia feeding.
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Appendix 6 Example of Abstrak 2.54 cm
ABSTRAK double spacing
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Purata komposisi proksimat bagi biji nangka mentah dan direbus berserta dengan Artemia yang diberi makan larutan biji nangka yang direbus dan Spirulina kering telah dikenalpasti dalam kajian ini. Didapati bahawa biji nangka yang direbus mengandungi 56.7% lembapan, 21.3% karbohidrat tercerna, 17.5% protin, 2.8% abu, 1.3% serat dan 0.5% lemak. Manakala biji nangka mentah mengandungi 55.0% lembapan, 19.4% karbohidrat tercerna, 18.7% protein, 3.5% abu, 2.8% serabut dan 0.6% lemak. Penghasilan biomas Artemia selama lapan hari yang diberi makan larutan biji nangka yang direbus adalah 62.2% protin, 21.4% karbohidrat tercerna, 8.4% serabut, 5.1% lemak, dan 2.8% abu, manakala yang diberi makan Spirulina merangkumi 70.1% protin, 9.8% karbohidrat tercerna, 7.7% serabut, 6.9% abu dan 5.47% lemak. Peratus protin dalam Spirulina dua kali ganda lebih tinggi daripada larutan biji nangka direbus. Ini menunjukkan Artemia adalah penukar 2.54 cm protin yang efisien. Artemia dapat hidup dan tumbuh pada kadar yang sama di samping mempunyai nilai nutrisi yang setanding dengan yang diberi makan Spirulina. Ini mencadangkan bahawa larutan biji nangka rebus adalah makanan buatan yang baik untuk menggantikan mikroalga yang digunakan sebagai makanan Artemia.
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Appendix 7 Example of Table of Contents 2.54 cm TABLE OF CONTENTS
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ENDORSEMENT DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF APPENDICES
ii iii iv v vi ix x xi xii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of study 1.2 Problem statement 1.3 Significance of study 1.4 Objectives
1 3 3 4
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Biology of rotifer 2.1.1 Taxonomy 2.1.2 Morphology and reproduction 2.2 Rotifer culture systems 2.2.1 Batch culture 2.2.2 Continuous culture
5 5 6 9 10 12
CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Study site 3.2 Feed preparation 3.3 Experiment preparation 3.4 Rotifer counting 3.5 Statistical analysis
25 25 27 29 30
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Results 4.2 Discussion
31 35
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
40
REFERENCES APPENDICES BIODATA OF THE AUTHOR
41 44 50 vii 2.54 cm
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Appendix 8 Example of List of Abbreviations 2.54 cm LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AOAC cP DO FFA HUFA kJ MUFA ppt PUFA Re
Association of Analytical Communities centipoise dissolved oxygen free fatty acid high unsaturated fatty acid kilo joule mono unsaturated fatty acid part per thousand polyunsaturated fatty acid Reynold number
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Appendix 9 Example of List of Tables 2.54 cm LIST OF TABLES TABLE TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Production statistics of Pangasius pangasius
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2.2
Proximate composition of raw river catfish
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4.1
Proximate composition (% dry matter) of river catfish cracker
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4.2
Texture analysis of river catfish cracker
33
4.3
Sensory analysis of river catfish cracker
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Appendix 10 Example of List of Figures 2.54 cm LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE
PAGE
1.1
River catfish, (Pangasius pangasius)
2
4.1
River catfish cracker using Formulation A
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4.2
River catfish cracker using Formulation B
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Appendix 11 Example of List of Appendices 2.54 cm LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE
PAGE
A
Raw data of proximate analysis of river catfish
44
B
Sensory evaluation form
46
C
Statistical analysis for raw and boiled river catfish
47
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Appendix 12 Chapter layout 2.54 cm CHAPTER 2
double spacing LITERATURE REVIEW
double spacing 1.1 2.1. Biology of rotifer 1.2 2.1.1 Taxonomy 1.3
Rotifer belongs to the phylum Rotifera, class Monogononta and family Brachionidae. Rotifer is one of the most important live feed for fish larvae in aquaculture (Lavens and Sorgeloos, 1996; Suantika et al., 2001; Cheng et al., 2004). In aquaculture, Brachionus is classified into two different morphotypes, namely Brachionus rotundiformis or small (S-type) rotifers
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and Brachionus plicatilis or large (L-type) rotifers (Lavens and Sorgeloos, 1996).
1.4 1.5 2.1.2 Morphology and reproduction The differences among the two types can be clearly distinguished by their morphological characteristics: the lorica length and shape. The lorica of the S-type shows pointed spines; while of the L-type has obtuse angled spines (Figure 2.1). It is known that rotifer can use two modes of reproduction, asexual and sexual reproduction. However, the mating behavior is poorly known even after being studied for 30 years (Rico-Martinez, 1998).
1.6 2.2 Culture system There are four types of rotifer culture systems, batch, semicontinuous, continuous and high-density cultures, which are common in
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Appendix 13 Example of References 2.54 cm REFERENCES Han, S.F., Liu Y.C., Zhou, Z.G., He, S.X., Cao, Y.A., Shi, P.J., Yao, B. and Ringo, E. 2010. Analysis of bacterial diversity in the intestine of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) based on 16S rDNA gene sequences. Aquaculture Research 42: 47–56. Mohammmad Aizat, J., Mohd Anuar, R. and Suhaimi, A.R. 2011. Fiqh analysis on the legal status of coprophagous animals: a special reference to the Malaysian aquaculture industry. In: Proceedings of International Fisheries Symposium 2011: Towards a sustainable fisheries in South East Asia. Ambak, M.A., Sakri, I., Najiah, M., Mohd Fariduddin, O., Shahreza, M.S., Marina, H., Nadirah, M., Seah, Y.G., Ikhwanuddin, M., Danish-Daniel, M.A. and Azlan, M.D. (eds.). Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia, 3-5 October 2011. Pp. 213215. 3.8 cm
NACA, Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific and FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2014. Quarterly aquatic animal disease report (Asia and Pacific region), 2013/4, October – December 2013. NACA, Bangkok, Thailand. 56 p. New, M. B. 2004-2014. Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online]. Updated 1 January 2004. Available from http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/ Macrobrachium_rosenbergii/en [Accessed on 24 September 2014]. OIE, World Organisation for Animal Health. 2014. Manual of diagnostic tests for aquatic animals 2014. OIE [online]. Available from http://www.oie.int/en/international-standard-setting/aquaticmanual/access-online/ [Accessed on 1 September 2014]. Rungrassamee, W., Klanchui, A., Chaiyapechara, S., Maibunkaew, S., Tangphatsornruang, S., Jiravanichpaisal, P. and Karoonuthaisiri, N. 2013. Bacterial population in intestines of the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) under different growth stages. PLoS ONE 8(4): e60802. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0060802
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Appendix 14 Example of Appendix 2.54 cm APPENDIX A Raw data for percentage of survival in trial 1 Treatment*
Replicate
24L 12L:12D *L: light, D: dark.
1 2 3 1 2 3
Day 12 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Percentage of survival (%) Day Day Day Day 15 17 19 21 76.2 50.0 28.6 22.3 86.3 62.4 32.7 22.8 83.4 40.0 32.8 23.4 86.2 85.5 80.5 79.3 89.5 87.3 77.4 75.3 90.1 80.5 75.0 74.2
Day 23 14.4 23.8 17.9 79.0 75.0 73.1
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Appendix 15 Example of Biodata of the Author 2.54 cm BIODATA OF THE AUTHOR Name
:
Gender
:
Nationality
:
Identity Card No. : Race
:
Religion
:
Permanent Address : Contact No.
:
E-mail
:
Educational Background : 3.8 cm
2013–2016 Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 2012
Kolej Matrikulasi Seremban, Negeri Sembilan
2010–2011 Maktab Rendah Sains MARA Pasir Tumboh, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 2007-2009 Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Kamunting, Taiping, Perak
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www.fisha.umt.edu.my
