NTC Module 7: Mineral Balance
11/28/2016
MODULE 7
Mineral Balance
Copyright © 2016 Nutritional Therapy Association, Inc.
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MODULE 7 OBJECTIVES 1
State the Big Idea for Mineral Balance
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List 4 roles of Minerals in the body
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Describe the significance of bone remodeling in calcium homeostasis
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List the 7 cofactors required for proper absorption and use of calcium within the body
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Describe and perform the Zinc Taste Test Copyright © 2016 Nutritional Therapy Association, Inc.
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NTC Module 7: Mineral Balance
11/28/2016
Introduction To Mineral Balance Copyright © 2016 Nutritional Therapy Association, Inc.
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MINERALS • Minerals compose about 4% of our body • Humans do not produce minerals, therefore we must obtain them through our food • Minerals are what remain as ash when plant or animal tissues are burned ─ They come from the earth and will eventually return to the earth
• Out of the 103 known minerals, at least 18 are necessary for good health
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NTC Module 7: Mineral Balance
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ROLES OF MINERALS IN THE BODY Minerals play numerous important roles in the body, including: • Acting as cofactors for enzyme reactions • Contracting and relaxing muscles • Maintain pH balance in the body
• Regulating tissue growth
• Facilitating the transfer of nutrients across cell membranes
• Providing structural and functional support
• Maintaining proper nerve conduction
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MINERAL CLASSIFICATIONS Macrominerals
Microminerals
• Calcium
• Iron
• Silicon
• • • • • •
• Boron
• Vanadium
• Chromium
• Zinc
• Iodine
• Lithium
• Manganese
• Germanium
• Molybdenum
• Rubidium
Phosphorous Potassium Magnesium Sulfur Sodium Chloride
• Selenium
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NTC Module 7: Mineral Balance
11/28/2016
THE BIG IDEA Calcium is a game of cofactors:
Systemic pH Hormonal Function Hydration: Water & Electrolytes Other Minerals Vitamins Fatty Acids Digestion
Almost everyone gets enough calcium, they are missing the cofactors that allow the body to absorb/use it
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The Calcium‐Bone Connection Copyright © 2016 Nutritional Therapy Association, Inc.
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NTC Module 7: Mineral Balance
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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM • Our body’s mineral supply is heavily concentrated in the skeletal system ─ 99% of our body’s calcium is stored in the bone
• Minerals are a primary factor in healthy bone metabolism, as are vitamins, hormones, and exercise
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BONES • Bones are hard, calcified connective tissue: ─ Composed primarily of mineral salts that make bone hard and collagen fibers that give bone strength
• Like skin, bones form before birth and continue to rebuild and repair thereafter ─ Old bone tissue is continually destroyed and new bone tissue created ─ This process is called bone remodeling
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NTC Module 7: Mineral Balance
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BONE REMODELING
Bone‐forming cells (convert cartilage to bone)
Building Bone
Primary bone cells (maintain bone tissue)
Destroying Bone Bone‐destroying cells (function in resorption)
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FUNCTIONS OF BONE Bone has obvious functions within the body: ─ Structural support ─ Protection for your organs and soft tissues ─ Production of blood cells
However, bone also plays a key role in the body’s calcium homeostasis. Calcium is only made available for other tissues when bone is broken down during remodeling.
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NTC Module 7: Mineral Balance
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CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS • Bone helps to buffer the pH level of the blood: ─ Calcium is released from bone and deposited into blood when the blood pH level falls (becomes too acidic) ─ Calcium is deposited into bone from blood when the blood pH level rises (becomes too alkaline)
• Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is one important substance in the exchange of calcium between the bone and the blood: ─ Increases osteoclast activity in the bone, which frees up calcium ─ Decreases loss of calcium in the urine ─ Helps pull calcium from digestion into the blood
NOTE: Calcium is an alkaline substance Copyright © 2016 Nutritional Therapy Association, Inc.
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BLOOD CALCIUM REGULATION Normal Blood Calcium Level
Blood calcium level decreases because of some stimulus
Parathyroid gland detects the change and increases release of PTH
PTH triggers an increase in osteoclast activity, which moves more calcium into the blood. PTH also decreases calcium loss in the urine and pulls calcium from digestion
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NTC Module 7: Mineral Balance
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The Calcium Cofactors Copyright © 2016 Nutritional Therapy Association, Inc.
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CALCIUM COFACTORS The are 7 major cofactors that impact the absorption and use of calcium within the body: ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─
Systemic pH Hormonal Function Hydration (Water & Electrolytes) Other Minerals Vitamins Fatty Acids Digestion
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NTC Module 7: Mineral Balance
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DIGESTION • Remember that our body cannot synthesize minerals…we must ingest them • Calcium is only absorbed in an acid environment and requires HCl for uptake
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FATTY ACIDS • Fatty acids are necessary for the transport of calcium across the cell membrane into the cell • Fatty acids also help increase the calcium levels in tissues
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NTC Module 7: Mineral Balance
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VITAMIN D • Vitamin D works with PTH to increase the level of calcium in blood serum: ─ Increases absorption through the gastrointestinal tract ─ Pulls calcium from the bones/tissues ─ Decreases loss in the urine/feces
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OTHER MINERALS • Calcium must be in balance with the other macrominerals • Potassium and the trace elements Manganese, Boron, Copper, and Zinc are also important for proper use of Calcium
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SYSTEMIC PH • Bone is a major buffer of Calcium and Calcium is a major buffer of blood pH • When blood becomes too acidic, it pulls Calcium from the tissues • When blood becomes too alkaline, Calcium separates out of solutions ‐ If the excess Calcium is deposited in inappropriate tissues, it can cause problems
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HYDRATION • Good hydration ensures blood is fluid enough to efficiently transport Calcium throughout the body to other tissues • Balanced electrolyte (electrically charged ions of Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride Bicarbonate) in
ensure appropriate transfer of Calcium in and out of cells
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NTC Module 7: Mineral Balance
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HORMONES Parathyroid Hormone • A primary hormone regulating blood Calcium levels Thyroid Hormone (Calcitonin) • Inhibits osteoclastic activity • Decrease blood Calcium levels Adrenal Hormones •
Mineralocorticoids control Sodium and Potassium homeostasis, which have a relationship with Calcium
Sex Hormones • Estrogen inhibits osteoclastic activity • Progesterone promotes osteoblastic activity
Copyright © 2016 Nutritional Therapy Association,
Inc. • Testosterone is a precursor to estrogen and progesterone Copyright © 2016 Nutritional Therapy Association, Inc.
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FUNCTIONS OF ZINC 1
Essential for the production of stomach acid
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Important for the synthesis of cholesterol, fats, and proteins
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Regulates release of Vitamin A from the liver
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Critical for cell growth and cellular replication of DNA
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Essential for skin and bone integrity
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Necessary for prostate health
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Required for optimal function of the immune system Essential cofactor for EFA metabolism and synthesis Needed for taste perception Copyright © 2016 Nutritional Therapy Association, Inc.
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PROCEDURE • Ask the client to refrain from eating, drinking (except for water), or smoking for at least 30 minutes prior to the test • Have the client hold and swish around one tablespoon of LIQUID ZINC in their mouths for up to 30 seconds • Ask the client to let you know immediately when it tastes like something other than water by shaking their head • With the Zinc in the clients mouth, list the taste sensations slowly to pace with 30 second timing • Have the client swallow • Ask the client to describe the strength of taste or presence of an after taste
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TASTE SENSATIONS 1. A Strong and Unpleasant Taste is noted immediately, Client normally grimaces 2. A Definite, though Not Strongly Unpleasant Taste is noted almost immediately and tends to intensify with time 3. No Immediate Taste is noted, but Develops in 10‐15 Seconds variously described as: “Dry”, “Minerally”, “Furry”, or “Sweet” 4. No Specific Taste or Sensation is noted, even after the solution has been held in the mouth for up to 30 seconds, “Tastes like water” 5. Tastes Sweet when held in the mouth for up to 30 seconds Copyright © 2016 Nutritional Therapy Association, Inc.
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NTC Module 7: Mineral Balance
11/28/2016
SCORING THE RESULTS EXCELLENT: A strong and unpleasant taste is noted immediately, Client normally grimaces
FAIR: A definite, though not strongly unpleasant taste is noted almost immediately and tends to intensify with time
POOR: No immediate taste is noted, but develops in 10‐15 seconds variously described as: “Dry”, “Minerally”, “Furry”, or “Sweet”
DEFICIENT: No specific taste or sensation is noted, even after the solution has been held in the mouth for up to 30 seconds…”Tastes like water”
EXTREMELY DEFICIENT: Tastes sweet when held in the mouth for up to 30 seconds Copyright © 2016 Nutritional Therapy Association, Inc.
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ZINC SOLUTIONS Zinc is depleted by: ─ ─ ─ ─ ─
Stress Refined carbohydrates Coffee and other caffeinated beverages Alcohol Sexual activity in men
Make recommendations for your Client accordingly Copyright © 2016 Nutritional Therapy Association, Inc.
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NTC Module 7: Mineral Balance
11/28/2016
ZINC SOLUTIONS (CONTINUED) If your client fails the Zinc Taste Test: •
Take ½ bottle of LIQUID ZINC on an empty stomach twice a day until the taste is clearly unpleasant
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Spend a few seconds swishing the Zinc in your mouth prior to swallowing
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Switch to a MULTIPLE MINERAL supplement for 60 days
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Conduct Dr. Kane’s Mineral Tests for trace mineral and electrolyte insufficiencies
If your client is deficient in Zinc, it is likely they will be deficient in other trace minerals as well NOTE: Zinc and Copper should be taken in the proper ratio after the client can taste it Copyright © 2016 Nutritional Therapy Association, Inc.
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ZINC SOLUTIONS (CONTINUED) If your client cannot reach the metallic taste: ─ Presume there is a deficiency if the signs and symptoms of Zinc deficiency persist ─ Refer to a qualified practitioner to screen for serum Zinc and Magnesium levels ─ Rule out Vitamin B6 deficiency with serum homocysteine if signs of B6 deficiency are present ─ Consider damaged olfactory centers (or heavy smokers), which compromise the ability to taste and smell
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NTC Module 7: Mineral Balance
11/28/2016
MODULE 7 SUMMARY 1
State the Big Idea for Mineral Balance
2
List 4 roles of Minerals in the body
3
Describe the significance of bone remodeling in calcium homeostasis
4
List the 7 cofactors required for proper absorption and use of calcium within the body
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Describe and perform the Zinc Taste Test Copyright © 2016 Nutritional Therapy Association, Inc.
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