7 × 10
−2
∆Neff
6 × 10−2 5 × 10−2
∆Neff = 0.071 - TF = TQCD SM minimum CMB-S4 min. 2σ = 0.07 ∆Neff ≈ 0.06 - Thermal Gravitino
∆Neff = 0.054 - TF < TR SM minimum spin 1 CMB-S4 2σ = 0.054 ∆Neff = 0.046 - TF < TR SM minimum spin
1 2
4 × 10−2 ∆Neff = 0.034 - SM min. w. one massive scalar
3 × 10−2 ∆Neff = 0.027 - TF < TR SM minimum credit: Daniel Green