Draft Only—Subject to Change IGA-227: Insurgents, Terrorists, and Violence: Causes and Consequences of Civil War John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard University Spring 2018 Professor Dara Kay Cohen Time: Monday/Wednesday, 10:15-11:30 a.m. Office: 124 Mt. Auburn, 200N-242 Room: L-382 Office Phone: (617) 495-7838 Office Hours: Wednesdays, 1:30-3:00pm Email:
[email protected] Office Hours sign up: http://www.wejoinin.com/daracohen Course Assistant: TBD
Faculty Assistant: Leah Knowles
[email protected], 617-496-2737 ________________________________________________________________________________ Course Description Why do civil wars begin? What motivates the members of armed groups, including terrorist organizations? Why do wartime atrocities happen? When and how do civil wars end? What are the social and economic consequences of civil war? In this course, we will consider major questions about civil war, terrorism and the use of violence by armed groups. Rather than focusing on any one conflict or case, we will examine civil war, terrorism and insurgency as phenomena of political violence. The course provides a survey of classic and contemporary research on civil war by social scientists. We will discuss recent civil wars over the past several decades, the majority of which have taken place in sub-Saharan Africa. We will review a series of debates drawn from research on the causes of civil wars, how insurgent and terrorist groups are organized, the dynamics of violence during wars, and the ways that wars are terminated. The course will conclude with an examination of policy interventions and their consequences. We will draw from a variety of materials in this course, including academic articles, policy studies, newspaper articles and documentary films. Readings will be posted or linked to on the course website, where they can be downloaded or printed. Please bring the assigned reading to each class session. Students are strongly encouraged to stay informed of current events, especially those that relate to political violence, by reading a major daily newspaper such as the New York Times or the Washington Post, or a serious weekly news magazine like The Economist. The HKS library also has a wide variety of current newspapers and magazines freely available to students. Course Requirements This class is a graduate-level lecture/seminar hybrid course. Although there are no formal prerequisites, it is expected that students have some familiarity with international relations literature, as well as an ability to read and to understand quantitative social science research. It is essential for students to complete the reading prior to the class meeting. Students must come prepared for class and ready to participate actively in discussion, and to ask informed questions. We will occasionally break into small groups for activities and discussion, and will sometimes have debates on course topics in class.
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Draft Only—Subject to Change Your final grade will be based on the following: 1. Class participation (20%): Attendance at every class meeting, for the full length of the class, is required and expected. Class participation is not an attendance grade, but instead reflects active participation during class, including asking questions and grappling with arguments, concepts and evidence. Active participation necessitates completion of the required reading prior to the class meeting. If you are not present in class, you are unable participate and, as a result, will receive no participation credit for that class. There are no excused absences per se, but I will drop your two lowest class participation grades in the calculation of your final grade in the course. 2. Group presentations (20%): Students will be divided into small groups (of approximately 2-3 people, depending on the class size) at the beginning of the semester. Starting on [XXX], each class meeting (with the exception of days with guest speakers) will begin with one group giving a presentation on the topic of the day. The presentation should feature three important points or questions to help generate discussion. These presentations are not a summary of the readings; rather, students should highlight questions or critiques that cut across themes in several readings, or relate the readings to other relevant course concepts. In addition, the presentation and discussion questions should address some of the policy implications of the readings. The presentation can include a short exploration of a relevant case. The use of multimedia material is strongly encouraged. For example, groups may wish to distribute a news article or to screen a brief video (1-2 minutes) that might inspire a debate in the class. Students will be responsible for presenting a number of times (probably about twice, depending on class size) throughout the semester. Presentation dates will be assigned at the beginning of the course. In addition to the oral presentation, each group should prepare a Powerpoint slide summarizing each of the assigned readings. Within 24 hours of your presentation, please email your slides to Leah Knowles so that they can be posted on the course website as a resource for all students in the course. Each student’s grade on the presentations will be based in part on evaluations by the other members of the group. 3. Op-ed article (20%): An 800-1,000-word op-ed piece for a newspaper or online site (e.g. Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy or Huffington Post) dealing with the themes of the course. The op-ed should draw attention to a current issue and must make an explicit argument about a specific policy that is or is not working. Grading will be based on the quality of the writing, the clarity of the argument and how well it is supported by relevant literature from the course. See this HKS handout for tips on writing an effective op-ed. Extra credit of an additional half-grade (5 points) will be awarded to students who successfully publish their op-eds in local or national newspapers or websites (selfpublished blogs do not count). Students can also earn extra credit by meeting with one of the HKS writing consultants to discuss their op-ed draft. The op-ed is due in hard copy in class—and online through the course website—on Wednesday, March 7. 4. Final paper (40%): A 12-15 page final paper will be due [XXX] by 5:00 p.m. Final papers should be posted to the course website. The assignment and instructions about submission of the exam will be distributed later in the semester. The paper will be a multi-stage process with several interim deadlines in the latter half of the semester. In accordance with HKS policy, consultation and collaboration with other students are both strictly prohibited, and all rules of attribution apply, including but not limited to providing complete and correct citations to others’ work.
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Draft Only—Subject to Change Course Policies Missed classes: This course requires that you manage your time well, keep track of the assigned readings and, most importantly, attend and participate actively in every class session. Plan your schedule around the class meeting; avoidable conflicts such as doctor’s appointments or job interviews are not excused absences. If you will be absent for a total of two full weeks or more (that is, four or more absences) over the course of the semester due to non-emergency and/or avoidable reasons (including vacations, travel or training), you may be ineligible to take this course. Please let me know in the first week of the course if you have planned an extended absence. Extensions: In the interest of fairness to your colleagues, the deadlines in the syllabus are firm. Extensions for assignments and/or makeup exams will not be granted except in the case of serious illness, family emergency or religious observance (see below). Late papers will lose a half-letter grade for each 24 hours or portion thereof. Grading concerns: Students are encouraged to consult with me during office hours about questions on an assignment prior to submitting the assignment. In the event of a low grade on an assignment, students will not be allowed to rewrite or to resubmit an assignment for an improved grade, except in rare—and extraordinary—circumstances. If you have faced an extraordinary circumstance that resulted in a lower grade on an assignment and you would like the opportunity to resubmit an assignment, students must contact me within one week of receiving your grade. If you feel that there was an error in the calculation of your grade, you may submit a re-grading request. All such requests must be submitted to me in writing, along with a memo explaining where you believe an error was made. If you elect to have an assignment re-graded, please be aware that it may result in a lower final grade on the assignment. Religious conflicts: Students may ask for reasonable and timely accommodations for religious observances. Please review the syllabus closely to determine if religious obligations will present scheduling conflicts with any of the assignments. Students must inform me of any conflicts within the first two weeks of the semester. Accommodations: In compliance with Harvard University policy, I will provide appropriate accommodations for students with documented disabilities. Please provide your accommodations paperwork to me as soon as you have it available, within the first two weeks of the semester. For further information, please see the HKS Student Disability Coordinator. Academic integrity: Plagiarism and cheating are absolutely unacceptable and will be pursued to the fullest extent of the University’s policies in accordance with the HKS Academic Code. Providing proper citations in your writing is both necessary and expected. If you have any questions about what constitutes correct citations, it is your responsibility to seek guidance prior to submitting your assignment. As stated in the Academic Code, in all writing, you must put any words that are not your own between quotation marks. All suspected violations will be reported to the Associate Dean of Students. I may make use of anti-plagiarism software both to detect and to confirm suspected plagiarized writing. Please consult the following resource for further information on academic integrity at HKS: http://www.hks.harvard.edu/degrees/registrar/procedures/integrity Laptop and mobile device policy: Surfing the web during class is distracting to you and to your colleagues sitting near you. During class, I ask that you disconnect your wireless access if you choose to take notes on your computer, and to refrain from using cell phones and other mobile devices except for emergencies. Violations of this policy may result in a reduction in your class
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Draft Only—Subject to Change participation grade or in a ban of laptop use in class. (Note that research has found that students better absorb class material when taking notes by hand than on a computer.) Writing in This Course As someone engaged in policy-relevant research, you will need to communicate your ideas—often in written form—to a variety of audiences, including policymakers, the public, academic researchers, NGOs and grant-making agencies and foundations. Being able to write effectively is essential to your success in this course and to your future career. For all course assignments, you can avail yourself of the many resources at HKS to receive help with and feedback on your writing. These resources include the HKS library reference desk and the writing consultants (http://shorensteincenter.org/students/communications-program/writing-consultants). As a policy, I will not read or provide written comments on rough drafts, but I will provide verbal feedback, during office hours, about your ideas prior to the deadline. Questions and Concerns About the Course Website Students should direct any questions, concerns or problems about the course website and its content—including any difficulties accessing the reading—to Leah Knowles (
[email protected]). Cross-registered students from other universities should have full access to course readings and materials. If you experience any problems accessing course materials, please contact Leah Knowles (
[email protected]) as soon as possible. Auditing This Course Depending on the class size, students who are enrolled in HKS programs may audit this course, with prior permission only. Auditors are expected to be fully integrated members of the class, including attending all class sessions, completing all reading, participating actively in class discussion, and completing the group presentation assignment. If you wish to attend one (or a few) class session(s) as a visitor rather than auditing the class, please speak to me at the beginning of the semester. Office Hours and Email I encourage you to see me during office hours with any questions or comments. Please plan to attend office hours for any questions relating to course content or assignments; in person discussion is far preferable to email. I hold weekly office hours on Wednesdays from 1:30-3:00 p.m. Student must sign up for a time online at http://www.wejoinin.com/daracohen. Please be sure to cancel your reserved time if you cannot come so that this time slot can be made available to other students. Email should generally be used for brief questions only. I will respond to email between the hours of 9:00am and 7:00pm. Extra Credit Opportunity There are an enormous number of events relevant to this course that will take place over the course of the semester, both around the school and the university. One weekly event is the International Security Brown Bag Seminar at the Belfer Center, which takes place every Thursday from 12:152:00pm. In this seminar series, scholars present their in-progress work on a range of topics related to international security. In order to encourage—and incentivize—you to attend the seminar, you can earn one point on your final course grade—up to three points total—for attending a seminar and
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Draft Only—Subject to Change emailing the course assistant a 250-word reaction/critique of the talk. If you intend to take advantage of the opportunity, please send the reactions by Monday, May 7.
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Draft Only—Subject to Change Course Schedule and Overview of Topics Shopping Day Friday, January 19, 10:15-11:30am (two optional sessions, separated by a break; first session is 10:1510:45, break is 10:45-11; last session is 11-11:30) Introduction 1. Monday, January 22: Introduction Part 1. Causes of Civil War 2. Wednesday, January 24: Defining terms and concepts: “civil war,” “terrorist,” and “insurgent” 3. Monday, January 29: Do natural resources cause civil war? 4. Wednesday, January 31: Does ethnic hatred cause civil war? 5. Monday, February 5: Does nationalism cause civil war? 6. Wednesday, February 7: Does gender inequality cause civil war? 7. Monday, February 12: Does climate change cause civil war? 8. Wednesday, February 14: Guest lecture: Causes of the Syrian civil war (TBD) • Monday, February 19: President’s Day (no class) Part 2. Dynamics of Violence During Civil War 9. Wednesday, February 21: What motivates fighting? 10. Monday, February 26: Guest lecture: TBD 11. Wednesday, February 28: Why do armed groups attack civilians? 12. Monday, March 5: What causes mass killing, genocide and ethnic cleansing? 13. Wednesday, March 7: What causes wartime rape and sexual violence? Op-eds due in class/Midterm course evaluations •
Monday, March 12-Friday, March 16: Spring Break (no class)
Part 3. Causes and Consequences of Terrorism 14. Monday, March 19: What is a terrorist group?/Final paper assignment distributed 15. Wednesday, March 21: What causes terrorism? 16. Monday, March 26: Does terrorism work? 17. Wednesday, March 28: Why do women join terrorist groups? 18. Monday, April 2: What are the consequences of terrorism? 19. Wednesday, April 4: NO CLASS (to be rescheduled) Part 4. Winning, Losing and Ending Civil Wars 20. Monday, April 9: Why do states lose asymmetric wars? 21. Wednesday, April 11: Does it matter who wins the civil war? 22. Monday, April 16: Is international intervention effective? 23. Wednesday, April 18: Does peacekeeping work? Do female peacekeepers make a difference? 24. Monday, April 23: What happens after wars end? 25. Wednesday, April 25 (Last class): Conclusion/Course evaluations Monday, May 7: Final papers due at 5:00pm
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Draft Only—Subject to Change Course Schedule Shopping Day: Friday, January 19 Session 1: 10:15-10:45am; Session 2: 11:00-11:30am 1. Monday, January 22: Introduction Kaplan, Robert. 1994. “The Coming Anarchy,” Atlantic Monthly: 44–76. Obama, Barack. 2009. Speech at the Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony, December 10. Goldstein, Joshua. 2011. “Think Again: War,” Foreign Policy, September/October. Armitage, David. 2017. Civil Wars: A History in Ideas. Yale University Press. Introduction (pg. 127) Recommended: Mack, Andrew. 2002. “Civil War: Academic Research and the Policy Community,” Journal of Peace Research 39(5): 515-525. Recommended: Valentino, Benjamin. 2014. “Why We Kill: The Political Science of Political Violence against Civilians,” Annual Review of Political Science 17: 89-103.
Part 1: Causes of Civil Wars 2. Wednesday, January 24: Defining terms and concepts: “civil war,” “terrorists” and “insurgents” Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2001. “‘New’ and ‘Old’ Civil Wars: A Valid Distinction?” World Politics 54(1): 99-118. Sambanis, Nicholas. 2004. “What Is Civil War? Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Definition,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 48(6): 814-858. Moghadam, Assaf, Ronit Berger, and Polina Beliakova. 2014. “Say Terrorist, Think Insurgent: Labeling and Analyzing Contemporary Terrorist Actors,” Perspectives on Terrorism 8(5) Kapitan, Tomis. 2014. “The Reign of ‘Terror,’” Opinionator, New York Times, October 19. Read about current civil wars at the CFR Global Conflict Tracker: https://www.cfr.org/interactives/global-conflict-tracker#!/ Read 3 pages from 2014 edition of the Army Field Manual (pgs. 4-1 and 4-2 (on intrastate war) and 5-2 (on terrorist acts)) Recommended: Blattman, Christopher and Edward Miguel. 2010. “Civil War,” Journal of Economic Literature 48(1): 3–57. 3. Monday, January 29: Do natural resources cause civil war? Ross, Michael. 2004. “How Do Natural Resources Influence Civil War? Evidence from Thirteen Cases,” International Organization 58(1): 35-67.
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Collier, Paul and Anke Hoeffler. 2004. “Greed and Grievance in Civil War,” Oxford Economic Papers 56 (4): 563-595. Ross, Michael. 2006. “A Closer Look at Oil, Diamonds, and Civil War,” Annual Review of Political Science 9: 265‐ 300. Peruse “Blood and Gold,” a photo essay from Foreign Policy (2011) Read “Is my cell phone full of rape?” (July 13, 2011) on Wronging Rights blog and skim some of the linked articles 4. Wednesday, January 31: Does ethnic hatred cause civil war? Posen, Barry R. 1993. “The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict,” Survival 35(1): 27-47. Fearon, James, and David Laitin. 2003. “Ethnicity, Insurgency and Civil War,” American Political Science Review 97(1): 75-90. Fearon, James. 2006. “Ethnic Mobilization and Ethnic Violence,” Oxford Handbook of Political Economy, eds. Barry Weingast and Donald Wittman, Oxford: Oxford University Press. King, Charles. 2001. “The Myth of Ethnic Warfare: Understanding Conflict in the Post-Cold War World,” Foreign Affairs 80(6): 165- 170. Fearon, James. 2012. “Grievances and Civil War,” The Monkey Cage blog, June 27. Recommended: Bass, Gary. 2006. “What Really Causes Civil War?” New York Times, August 13. Recommended: Walker, Connor. 1993. “Beyond Reason: The Nature of the Ethnonational Bond,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 16(3): 373-389. 5. Monday, February 5: Does nationalism (or national identity) cause civil war? Van Evera, Stephen. 1994. “Hypotheses on Nationalism and War,” International Security 18(4): 539. Cederman, Lars-Erik, Andreas Wimmer, and Brian Min. 2010. “Why Do Ethnic Groups Rebel? New Data and Analysis,” World Politics 62(1): 87-119. Lyall, Jason. 2010. “Are Coethnics More Effective Counterinsurgents? Evidence from the Second Chechen War,” American Political Science Review 104(1): 1-20. Recommended: Hassner, Ron. 2003. “To Halve and to Hold: Conflicts over Sacred Space and the Problem of Indivisibility,” Security Studies 12(4): 1-33. 6. Wednesday, February 7: Does gender inequality cause civil wars? Den Boer, Andrea and Valerie M. Hudson. 2002.“A Surplus of Men, A Deficit of Peace: Security and Sex Ratios in Asia's Largest States,” International Security 26(4): 5-38.
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Draft Only—Subject to Change Caprioli, Mary. 2005. “Primed for Violence: The Role of Gender Inequality in Predicting Internal Conflict,” International Studies Quarterly 49(2): 161–178. Forsberg, Erika, and Louise Olsson. 2016. “Gender Inequality and Internal Conflict.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press. LINK:
Hudson, Valerie and Dara Kay Cohen. 2016. “Women’s Rights Are a National Security Issue,” New York Times. LINK: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/26/opinion/womens-rights-are-anationalsecurity-issue.html Greenslade, Leith. 2014. “The Hidden Link Between Women and War,” The Daily Beast, December 12. Recommended: Fearon, James. 2010. “Governance and Civil War Onset: Background Paper,” World Development Report (read Section 5.8) Recommended: Sen, Amartya. 1990. “More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing,” New York Review of Books, December 20: 61-66. 7. Monday, February 12: Does climate change cause civil wars? Burke, Marshall, Edward Miguel, Shanker Satyanath, John Dykemae, and David Lobell. 2009. “Warming Increases the Risk of Civil War in Africa,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (49): 20670-20674. Hendrix, Cullen and Idean Salehyan. 2012. “Climate change, rainfall, and social conflict in Africa,” Journal of Peace Research 49(1): 35-50. Tertrais, Bruno. 2011. “The Climate Wars Myth,” The Washington Quarterly 34(3): 17-29. Listen to “How Could A Drought Spark A Civil War?” NPR story (read article and listen) [LINK] (Note: 11 minutes) Recommended: Buhaug, Halvard. 2011. “Climate Not to Blame for African Civil Wars,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(38): 16477-16482. 8. Wednesday, February 14: Guest lecture: Causes of the Syrian civil war (TBD) Watch the film Hell on Earth: The Fall of Syria and the Rise of ISIS (2017) Sambanis, Nicholas. 2004. “Using Case Studies to Expand Economic Models of Civil War.” Perspectives on Politics 2(2): 259-279. Hokayem, Emile. 2013. Syria's Uprising and the Fracturing of the Levant. London: Routledge/International Institute for Strategic Studies. pgs.9-65. Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2013. “Documenting the Roots and Dynamics of the Syrian Uprising.” Middle East Journal 57(3):467-474. 9
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Fearon, James. 2013. “Syria’s Civil War.” In “The Political Science of Syria’s War,” POMEPS Briefing #22, George Washington University, December 18. pgs.13-18. Recommended: The Atlantic, "The Confused Person's Guide to the Syrian Civil War": http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/10/syrian-civil-war-guide-isis/410746/ Hinnebusch, Raymond A. 1990. Authoritarian Power and State Formation in Ba`thist Syria: Army, Party, and Peasant. Boulder: Westview Press. pgs. 291-99. Documentaries on the Syrian Civil War: PBS FRONTLINE: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/investigation/syria-at-war/ VICE: http://www.vice.com/video/syria-full-length Monday, February 19: No class (President’s Day)
Part 2: Violence During Civil Wars 9. Wednesday, February 21: What motivates fighting? Mueller, John. 2000. “The Banality of ‘Ethnic War,’” International Security 25(1): 42-70. Wood, Elisabeth. 2003. Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador, New York: Cambridge University Press. Chapter 1. Weinstein, Jeremy. 2007. Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Chapter 3, pages 96-126). Blattman, Christopher and Jeannie Annan. 2015. “Can Employment Reduce Lawlessness and Rebellion? A Field Experiment with High-Risk Men in a Fragile State,” Working Paper, June 12. Recommended: Lichbach, Mark. 1994. “What Makes Rational Peasants Revolutionary? Dilemma, Paradox, and Irony in Peasant Collective Action,” World Politics 46(3): 383‐ 418. 10. Monday, February 26: Guest lecture: TBD 11. Wednesday, February 28: Why do armed groups (both states and non-state) attack civilians? Azam, Jean-Paul and Anke Hoeffler. 2002. “Violence against Civilians in Civil Wars: Looting or Terror?” Journal of Peace Research 39(4): 461-485. Kalyvas, Stathis and Matthew Kocher. 2007. “How ‘Free’ Is Free Riding in Civil Wars? Violence, Insurgency, and the Collective Action Problem,” World Politics 59(2): 177-216. Humphreys, Macartan and Jeremy Weinstein. 2006. “Handling and Manhandling Civilians in Civil War,” American Political Science Review 100(3): 429-447. Watch Bakke, Kristin. 2012. “When the Enemy of My Enemy Is Not My Friend.” TEDx – University College London (UCL). July 2, 2012. [LINK] (Note: 9 minutes)
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Recommended: Mitchell, Neil. Agents of Atrocity: Leaders, Followers, and the Violation of Human Rights in Civil War (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2004), pp. 34-56. 12. Monday, March 5: What causes mass killing, genocide and ethnic cleansing? Valentino, Benjamin. 2004. Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Chapters 2 and 3. Straus, Scott. 2006. The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Chapters 3 and 5. Watch “TEDxDartmouth 2011: Ben Valentino: Understanding the Causes of Mass Violence” [LINK] Zhukov, Yuri. 2015. “Population Resettlement in War: Theory and Evidence from the Soviet Archives,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59(7): 1155-1185. 13. Wednesday, March 7: What causes wartime rape and sexual violence? **NOTE: Op-eds due in class; mid-semester evaluations** Wood, Elisabeth. 2009. “Armed Groups and Sexual Violence: When is Wartime Rape Rare?” Politics and Society 37(1): 131-161. Cohen, Dara Kay. 2013. “Causes of Rape During Civil War: Cross-national Evidence,” American Political Science Review 107(3): 461-477. Heaton, Laura. “What Happened in Luvungi? On Rape and Truth in Congo,” Foreign Policy (March/April 2013). Cohen, Dara Kay, Amelia Hoover Green and Elisabeth Wood, USIP Special Report. “Wartime Sexual Violence: Misconceptions, Implications and Ways Forward,” United Institute of Peace, February 2013. Watch “Rape is Civil War’s Legacy in Sierra Leone,” excerpt from Half the Sky (2012), PBS documentary (Note: 5 minutes): http://video.pbs.org/video/2258504182 Recommended: The Greatest Silence: Rape in the Congo (2007) documentary film; Leiby, Michele. 2009. “Wartime Sexual Violence in Guatemala and Peru,” International Studies Quarterly 53(2): 445-468. Monday, March 12-Friday, March 16—Spring Break (no class)
Part 3: Causes and Consequences of Terrorism 14. Monday, March 19: What is a terrorist group? **NOTE: Final paper assignment distributed in class** Hoffman, Bruce. 2006. Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press. “Chapter 1: Defining Terrorism” (pgs. 10-42).
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Asal, Victor, Brian Nussbaum and D. William Harington. 2007. “Terrorism as Transnational Advocacy: An Organizational and Tactical Examination,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 30(1): 15-39. Kydd, Andrew and Barbara Walter. 2006. “The Strategies of Terrorism,” International Security 31(1): 49-80. Crenshaw, Martha. “The Psychology of Political Terrorism,” Political Psychology. Recommended: Keck, Margaret and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Chapter 1 (pgs. 1-38). 15. Wednesday, March 21: What causes terrorism? Krueger, Alan and Jitka Maleckova. 2002. “Does Poverty Cause Terrorism?” The New Republic, June 24: 27-32. Huntington, Samuel. 1993. “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs, Summer. Said, Edward. 2001. “The Clash of Ignorance,” The Nation, October 4. Kurth Cronin, Audrey. 2002. “Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism,” International Security 27(3): 30-58. Mueller, John. 2006. “Is there Still a Terrorist Threat? The Myth of the Omnipresent Enemy,” Foreign Affairs. Keating, Joshua. 2013. “More Than Half of the World’s Terrorist Attacks Happen in Just Three Countries,” Slate, The World: How It Works. December 19. Recommended: Abadie, Alberto. 2006. “Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism,” American Economic Review 96(2): 50-56. 16. Monday, March 26: Does terrorism work? Pape, Robert. 2003. “The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism,” American Political Science Review, 97(3): 343-361. Abrahms, Max. 2006. “Why Terrorism Does Not Work,” International Security 31(2): 42- 78. Thomas, Jakana. 2014. “Rewarding Bad Behavior: How Governments Respond to Terrorism in Civil War,” American Journal of Political Science 58(4): 804-818. Gould, Eric D. and Esteban F. Klor. 2010. “Does Terrorism Work?” The Quarterly Journal of Economics (November 2010): 1459-1510. Abrahms, Max and Phil Potter. 2015. “Explaining Terrorism: Leadership Deficits and Militant Group Tactics,” International Organization 69(2): 311-342. Abrahms, Max. 2012. “The Political Effectiveness of Terrorism Revisited,” Comparative Political 12
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17. Wednesday, March 28: Why do women join terrorist groups? Gowrinathan, Nimmi. 2014. “The Women of Isis: Understanding and Combating Female Extremism,” Foreign Affairs, August 21. O’Rourke, Lindsey. 2009. “What’s Special about Female Suicide Terrorism,” Security Studies 18(4): 681-718. Bloom, Mia. 2005. “Mother, Sister, Daughter, Bomber.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists November/December. 18. Monday, April 2: What are the consequences of terrorism? Mueller, John. 2005. “Six Rather Unusual Propositions about Terrorism,” Terrorism and Political Violence 17(4): 487-505; and “Response,” 523-528. Betts, Richard, Daniel Byman, and Martha Crenshaw. 2005. “Comments on John Mueller’s ‘Six Rather Unusual Propositions about Terrorism’,” Terrorism and Political Violence 17(4): 507-521. [Betts][Byman][Crenshaw] Huddy, Leonie, et al. 2002. “The Consequences of Terrorism: Disentangling the Effects of Personal and National Threat,” Political Psychology 23(3): 585-509. 19. Wednesday, April 4: NO CLASS (to be rescheduled)
Part 4: Ending Civil Wars 20. Monday, April 9: Why do states lose asymmetric wars? Mack, Andrew. 1975. “Why Big Nations Lose Small Wars: The Politics of Asymmetric Conflict,” World Politics 27(2): 175-200. Lyall, Jason and Isaiah Wilson. 2009. “Rage Against the Machines: Explaining Outcomes in Counterinsurgency Wars,” International Organization 63(1): 67-106. “Flight of the drones: Why the future of air power belongs to unmanned systems,” The Economist, October 8, 2011. Balcells, Laia and Stathis Kalyvas. “Endgame in Syria?” Foreign Policy, December 19, 2012. 21. Wednesday, April 11: Does it matter who wins the civil war? Negotiated Settlements and Insurgent Survival Toft, Monica Duffy. 2010. “Ending Civil Wars: A Case for Rebel Victory?” International Security 34(4): 7-36. Breslow, Jason. 2014. “What Happens When Arming the Rebel Goes Wrong?” Frontline, October 30.
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Draft Only—Subject to Change Staniland, Paul. 2012. “States, Insurgents, and Wartime Political Orders,” Perspectives on Politics 10 (2): 243-264. Cammett, Melani. 2014. “How Hezbollah helps (and what it gets out of it),” The Monkey Cage blog, October 2. 22. Monday, April 16: Is international intervention effective? Finnemore, Martha. 1996. “Constructing Norms of Humanitarian Intervention,” in Katzenstein, Peter, ed. The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, New York: Columbia University Press. Chapter 5 (pgs. 153-185). Lischer, Sarah Kenyon. 2003. “Collateral Damage: Humanitarian Assistance as a Cause of Conflict.” International Security 28(1): 79-109. Luttwak, Edward. 1999. “Give War a Chance,” Foreign Affairs, July/August. Recommended: Kuperman, Alan. 2008. “The Moral Hazard of Humanitarian Intervention: Lessons from the Balkans,” International Studies Quarterly 52(1): 49-80. Recommended: Weinstein, Jeremy. 2005. “Autonomous Recovery and International Intervention in Comparative Perspective,” Working Paper 57, Center for Global Development, Washington, D.C. 23. Wednesday, April 18: Does peacekeeping work? Do female peacekeepers make a difference? Fortna, Page. 2004. “Does Peacekeeping Keep Peace? International Intervention and the Duration of Peace After Civil War,” International Studies Quarterly 48(2): 269-92. Simic, Olivera. 2010. “Does the Presence of Women Really Matter? Towards Combating Male Sexual Violence in Peacekeeping Operations,” International Peacekeeping 17(2): 188-199. Beardsley, Kyle and Sabrina Karim. 2016. “Explaining Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in Peacekeeping Missions: The Role of Female Peacekeepers and Gender Equality in Contributing Countries,” Journal of Peace Research 53(1): 100-115. Recommended: Menkhaus, Kenneth John. 2007. “Governance without Government in Somalia: Spoilers, State Building, and the Politics of Coping,” International Security 31(3): 74-106. Recommended: Edelstein, David M. 2004. “Occupational Hazards: Why Military Occupations Succeed or Fail,” International Security 29(1): 49-91. 24. Monday, April 23: What happens to societies after wars end? Bellows, John and Edward Miguel. 2009. “War and Local Collective Action in Sierra Leone,” Journal of Public Economics 93(11-12):1144-1157. Wood, Elisabeth Jean. 2008. “The Social Processes of Civil War: The Wartime Transformation of Social Networks.” Annual Review of Political Science 11(1): 539-561. Blattman, Christopher. 2009. “From Violence to Voting: War and Political Participation in Uganda,” American Political Science Review 103(2) (2009): 231-247.
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Tripp, Aili Mari. 2015. Women and Power in Post-conflict Africa. Cambridge University Press. Chapter 1: Introduction (pg. 3-32) Recommended: Balcells, Laia. 2012. “The Consequences of Victimization on Political Identities: Evidence from Spain,” Politics & Society 40(3): 311-347. 25. Wednesday, April 25: Conclusion/Course Evaluations
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