Chapterȱ1 AnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomy MultipleȱChoice 1) Whichȱisȱtheȱmostȱaccurateȱstatement? A) Historically,ȱtheȱrelationshipȱbetweenȱsuperficialȱanatomyȱandȱinternalȱfunctionȱhas alwaysȱbeenȱunderstood. B) Manyȱcellularȱfunctionsȱwereȱknownȱdecadesȱbeforeȱtheȱelectronȱmicroscopeȱrevealedȱthe anatomicalȱbasisȱforȱthoseȱfunctions. C) Anatomyȱhasȱalwaysȱbeenȱknownȱtoȱrevealȱtheȱrelationshipȱbetweenȱbodyȱparts. D) Ancientȱanatomistsȱonlyȱdescribedȱsurfaceȱanatomy. E) Ancientȱanatomistsȱneverȱunderstoodȱtheȱfunctionȱofȱanatomicalȱfeatures. Answer: B 2) Theȱbranchȱofȱscienceȱthatȱstudiesȱgroupsȱofȱcellsȱandȱhowȱtheyȱworkȱtogetherȱisȱcalled A) physiology. B) histology. C) anatomy. D) serology. E) noneȱofȱtheȱabove. Answer: B 3) Itȱisȱimportantȱtoȱstudyȱtheȱdisciplineȱofȱanatomyȱbecause A) itȱisȱimportantȱtoȱunderstandȱtheȱlinkȱbetweenȱhumanȱstructureȱandȱfunction. B) itȱprovidesȱinformationȱaboutȱbothȱexternalȱandȱinternalȱstructures. C) itȱwillȱassistȱindividualsȱtoȱmakeȱinformedȱdecisionsȱaboutȱtheirȱpersonalȱhealth. D) itȱprovidesȱaȱbasisȱforȱunderstandingȱmoreȱadvancedȱcoursesȱinȱanatomy,ȱphysiology, andȱrelatedȱdisciplines. E) allȱofȱtheȱaboveȱapply. Answer: E 4) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱstatementsȱaboutȱanatomicalȱinformationȱisȱcorrect? A) Anatomicȱinformationȱisȱallȱhistorical. B) Itȱdescribesȱbodyȱpartsȱandȱconsidersȱprobableȱfunction. C) Itȱaddressesȱlargeȱbodyȱstructuresȱvisibleȱtoȱtheȱnakedȱeyeȱonly. D) Physiologyȱandȱanatomyȱareȱunrelated. E) Theȱstudyȱofȱcellsȱisȱuselessȱtoȱanatomy. Answer: B 5) Analysisȱofȱtheȱinternalȱstructureȱofȱanȱindividualȱcellȱis A) cytology. B) physiology. C) histology. D) embryology. E) osteology. Answer: A
2ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e
6) Theȱstudyȱofȱstructuresȱbyȱviewingȱthemȱwithȱspecialȱinstrumentationȱisȱcalled A) cytology. B) embryology. C) physiology. D) histology. E) radiography. Answer: E 7) Theȱanatomicalȱspecialtyȱthatȱexaminesȱchangesȱinȱformȱfromȱconceptionȱtoȱmaturityȱis A) developmentalȱanatomy. B) comparativeȱanatomy. C) medicalȱanatomy. D) surgicalȱanatomy. E) systemicȱanatomy. Answer: A 8) Theȱstudyȱofȱanatomyȱincludesȱwhichȱofȱtheȱfollowing? A) organs. B) communities. C) ecosystems. D) colonies. E) populations. Answer: A 9) Atȱwhichȱlevelȱofȱorganizationȱdoȱmultipleȱtissuesȱformȱlargerȱstructuresȱthatȱperformȱspecific functions? A) cellular B) organ C) organȱsystem D) tissue E) organism Answer: B 10) Theȱlargestȱlevelȱofȱorganizationȱlistedȱis A) molecules. B) organelles. C) cells. D) tissues. E) organs. Answer: E 11) Theȱmolecularȱeventsȱthatȱresultȱinȱmuscleȱcontractionȱmostȱdirectlyȱinvolveȱwhichȱlevelȱof organizationȱofȱbodyȱstructures? A) chemical B) tissue C) organ D) cellular E) organism Answer: A
Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ3
12) Theȱmajorȱfunctionȱofȱtheȱ________ȱsystemȱisȱprotectionȱofȱtheȱbodyȱfromȱtheȱexternal environment. A) digestive B) cardiovascular C) urinary D) respiratory E) integumentary Answer: E 13) Theȱbasicȱfunctionsȱperformedȱbyȱallȱlivingȱorganismsȱinclude(s) A) reproduction. B) metabolism. C) growth. D) movement. E) allȱofȱtheȱaboveȱareȱperformedȱbyȱallȱlivingȱorganisms. Answer: E 14) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱincludesȱonly structuresȱenclosedȱwithinȱtheȱmediastinum? A) lungs,ȱesophagus,ȱheart B) heart,ȱtrachea,ȱlungs C) esophagus,ȱtrachea,ȱthymus D) pharynx,ȱthymus,ȱmajorȱvessels E) brain,ȱspinalȱcord Answer: C 15) Organsȱofȱtheȱurinaryȱsystemȱinclude A) uretersȱandȱkidneys. B) liverȱandȱpancreas. C) thymusȱandȱspleen. D) bronchiȱandȱalveoli. E) noneȱofȱtheȱabove. Answer: A 16) Theȱserousȱmembraneȱthatȱlinesȱtheȱinsideȱsurfaceȱofȱtheȱthoracicȱcavityȱisȱthe A) visceralȱperitoneum. B) parietalȱpericardium. C) parietalȱpleura. D) visceralȱpericardium. E) noneȱofȱtheȱabove. Answer: C 17) Theȱ________ȱlinesȱtheȱbodyȱwallȱwithinȱtheȱabdominopelvicȱcavity. A) visceralȱpleura B) parietalȱpericardium C) mesenteryȱproper D) superficialȱfascia E) parietalȱperitoneum Answer: E
4ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e
18) Mesenteries A) provideȱaȱpassagewayȱforȱbloodȱvesselsȱtoȱtheȱabdominalȱorgans. B) allowȱmovementȱofȱabdominalȱstructures. C) supportȱandȱstabilizeȱorgansȱsuchȱasȱtheȱkidneys. D) doȱallȱofȱtheȱabove. E) doȱnoneȱofȱtheȱabove. Answer: A 19) Mostȱanatomicalȱtermsȱhaveȱbeenȱderivedȱfrom A) Romanceȱlanguages. B) German. C) LatinȱandȱGreek. D) English. E) Arabic. Answer: C 20) Inȱtheȱproneȱposition, A) theȱbodyȱfacesȱposteriorly. B) theȱbodyȱisȱlyingȱinȱanatomicalȱpositionȱfaceȱup. C) theȱbodyȱisȱlyingȱinȱanatomicalȱpositionȱfaceȱdown. D) theȱheadȱisȱturnedȱtoȱtheȱleft,ȱandȱtheȱeyesȱareȱclosed. E) theȱbodyȱisȱsituatedȱasȱinȱbothȱAȱandȱB. Answer: C 21) Inȱanatomicalȱdescription,ȱaȱpersonȱisȱsaidȱtoȱbeȱsupineȱwhen A) standingȱuprightȱinȱtheȱanatomicalȱposition. B) standingȱwithȱhandsȱrotatedȱoutȱofȱtheȱanatomicalȱposition. C) lyingȱfaceȱdownȱinȱtheȱanatomicalȱposition. D) lyingȱfaceȱupȱinȱtheȱanatomicalȱposition. E) lyingȱonȱhisȱorȱherȱsideȱinȱaȱfetalȱposition. Answer: D 22) Aȱcoronalȱsectionȱisȱinȱaȱplaneȱthat A) isȱatȱrightȱanglesȱtoȱtheȱlongitudinalȱaxis. B) dividesȱtheȱbodyȱintoȱleftȱandȱrightȱsections. C) dividesȱtheȱbodyȱintoȱanteriorȱandȱposteriorȱsections. D) dividesȱtheȱbodyȱintoȱsuperiorȱandȱinferiorȱsections. E) dividesȱtheȱbodyȱintoȱfrontalȱsections. Answer: C 23) Theȱthoracicȱcavityȱisȱseparatedȱfromȱtheȱabdominopelvicȱcavityȱby A) theȱinferiorȱborderȱofȱtheȱribȱcage. B) aȱsheetȱofȱconnectiveȱtissue. C) theȱdiaphragm. D) theȱliver. E) noneȱofȱtheȱabove. Answer: C
Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ5
24) Theȱliningsȱofȱbothȱtheȱoralȱandȱnasalȱcavitiesȱare A) mucousȱmembranes. B) serousȱmembranes. C) lymphoidȱtissues. D) contractileȱtissues. E) sheetsȱofȱtendon. Answer: A 25) Whatȱisȱtheȱfunctionȱofȱtheȱparietalȱpartsȱofȱtheȱmembranesȱliningȱtheȱventralȱbodyȱcavity? A) Theyȱsecreteȱlubricationȱtoȱallowȱorgansȱtoȱslideȱbyȱoneȱanotherȱwithoutȱfriction. B) Theyȱsupplyȱnutrientsȱtoȱtheȱvisceraȱwithinȱtheȱvariousȱsubdivisionsȱofȱtheȱcavity. C) Theyȱsuspendȱorgansȱfromȱtheȱmediastinum. D) Theyȱmaintainȱorganȱseparation. E) Theyȱdoȱnoneȱofȱtheȱabove. Answer: A 26) Theȱspaceȱfoundȱbetweenȱtheȱlungsȱandȱsuperiorȱtoȱtheȱheartȱisȱcalledȱthe A) mediastinum. B) pleuralȱcavity. C) pericardialȱcavity. D) ventralȱcavity. E) thoracicȱcavity. Answer: A 27) Theȱpericardialȱcavityȱcontainsȱwhichȱofȱtheȱfollowing? A) heart B) liver C) intestines D) brain E) bothȱAȱandȱB Answer: A 28) Theȱvisceraȱ(orȱguts)ȱoccupyȱaȱspaceȱknownȱasȱtheȱ________ȱbodyȱcavity. A) cranial B) orbital C) dorsal D) ventral E) vertebral Answer: D 29) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱorgansȱoccupiesȱtheȱpelvicȱcavity? A) brain B) urinaryȱbladder C) spinalȱcord D) esophagus E) pancreas Answer: B
6ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e
30) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱisȱconsideredȱaȱradiologicalȱprocedure? A) CTȱ(computerizedȱtomography) B) MRIȱ(magneticȱresonanceȱimaging) C) ultrasound D) angiography E) allȱofȱtheȱabove Answer: E 31) Grossȱanatomicalȱspecialtiesȱinclude A) radiographicȱandȱsurgicalȱanatomy. B) cytologyȱandȱembryology. C) histology. D) bothȱAȱandȱB. E) bothȱBȱandȱC. Answer: A 32) Chooseȱtheȱarrangementȱofȱitemsȱ1-5ȱinȱorderȱofȱdecreasingȱcomplexityȱofȱlevelȱof organization. (1)ȱ organism (2)ȱ tissue (3)ȱ chemicalȱorȱmolecular (4)ȱ cellular (5)ȱ organȱsystem A) 1,ȱ2,ȱ3,ȱ4,ȱ5 B) 5,ȱ4,ȱ3,ȱ2,ȱ1 C) 1,ȱ5,ȱ2,ȱ4,ȱ3 D) 5,ȱ3,ȱ2,ȱ4,ȱ1 E) 2,ȱ4,ȱ1,ȱ5,ȱ3 Answer: C 33) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱareȱbasicȱfunctionsȱperformedȱbyȱallȱlivingȱorganisms? A) responsivenessȱandȱgrowth B) movement,ȱreproduction,ȱandȱabsorption C) metabolismȱandȱexcretion D) allȱofȱtheȱabove E) AȱandȱCȱonly Answer: D 34) Excretionȱinvolves A) changesȱtoȱadjustȱtoȱanȱorganismȇsȱenvironment. B) creationȱofȱaȱnewȱgenerationȱofȱindividuals. C) transportȱofȱsubstancesȱwithinȱanȱorganism. D) eliminationȱofȱwasteȱmaterialsȱfromȱtheȱbody. E) bothȱBȱandȱC. Answer: D
Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ7
35) Growthȱandȱdifferentiationȱoftenȱinclude A) specializationȱofȱindividualȱcells. B) increaseȱinȱcellȱsize. C) increaseȱinȱcellȱnumbers. D) changesȱinȱformȱandȱfunction. E) allȱofȱtheȱabove. Answer: E 36) Support,ȱprotection,ȱmineralȱstorage,ȱandȱbloodȱcellȱformationȱareȱfunctionsȱofȱthe A) skeletalȱsystem. B) cardiovascularȱsystem. C) immuneȱsystem. D) reproductiveȱsystem. E) excretoryȱsystem. Answer: A 37) Howȱareȱtheȱstructureȱandȱfunctionȱofȱaȱbodyȱorganȱorȱsystemȱrelated? A) Thereȱisȱnoȱrelationship. B) Organȱstructureȱonlyȱoccasionallyȱrelatesȱtoȱfunction. C) Structureȱandȱfunctionȱrelateȱonlyȱgenerally. D) Allȱspecificȱfunctionsȱareȱperformedȱbyȱspecificȱstructuresȱorȱorgans. E) Atȱsomeȱtimes,ȱstructureȱrelatesȱtoȱfunction;ȱatȱotherȱtimesȱitȱdoesȱnot. Answer: D 38) Theȱtwoȱlayersȱofȱaȱserousȱmembraneȱare A) pericardialȱandȱparietal. B) doubleȱsheetsȱofȱperitoneum. C) visceralȱandȱparietal. D) pleuralȱandȱparietal. E) AȱandȱBȱonly. Answer: C 39) Theȱprimaryȱsiteȱofȱbloodȱcellȱproductionȱisȱwithinȱthe A) cardiovascularȱsystem. B) skeletalȱsystem. C) integumentaryȱsystem. D) lymphoidȱsystem. E) endocrineȱsystem. Answer: B 40) Organsȱsystemsȱare A) anatomicalȱunitsȱwithȱrelatedȱfunctions. B) formedȱbyȱtwoȱorȱmoreȱorgans. C) oftenȱlargeȱenoughȱtoȱbeȱstudiedȱwithoutȱmagnification. D) interdependentȱonȱeachȱother. E) allȱofȱtheȱabove. Answer: E
8ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e
41) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱpairsȱconsistsȱofȱanatomicalȱopposites? A) distal,ȱcoronal B) proximal,ȱlateral C) cranial,ȱcaudal D) cephalic,ȱposterior E) medial,ȱventral Answer: C 42) Whyȱdoesȱtheȱtermȱcaudalȱdifferȱinȱmeaningȱinȱhumansȱversusȱfour-leggedȱanimals (quadrupeds)? A) Allȱhumanȱanatomicalȱtermsȱareȱdifferentȱfromȱthoseȱusedȱforȱquadrupeds. B) Humansȇȱuprightȱstanceȱmakesȱcaudalȱtheȱsameȱasȱinferior. C) Caudalȱisȱaȱrelativeȱterm,ȱmeaningȱposteriorȱinȱhumans. D) Itȱdoesnȇt;ȱtheȱmeaningȱisȱtheȱsameȱinȱboth. E) Noneȱofȱtheȱaboveȱexplainsȱtheȱdifference. Answer: B 43) Aȱtransverseȱsectionȱatȱtheȱlevelȱofȱtheȱumbilicusȱwouldȱpassȱthroughȱwhichȱbodyȱcavity? A) dorsalȱcavity B) thoracicȱcavity C) abdominalȱcavity D) pelvicȱcavity E) noneȱofȱtheȱabove Answer: C
Fill-in-the-BlankȱandȱMatching 1) Theȱliteralȱtranslationȱofȱtheȱwordȱ________,ȱwhichȱisȱderivedȱfromȱtheȱGreek,ȱdescribesȱthis branchȱofȱscienceȱandȱmeansȱȈtoȱcutȱopen.Ȉ Answer: anatomy 2) Theȱstudyȱofȱanatomyȱleadsȱtoȱanȱimportantȱconceptȱthatȱstructureȱdeterminesȱ________. Answer: function 3) Studyȱofȱgeneralȱformȱandȱsuperficialȱanatomicalȱmarkingsȱisȱcalledȱ________ȱanatomy. Answer: surface 4) ________ȱanatomyȱisȱtheȱconsiderationȱofȱanatomicalȱstructuresȱlargeȱenoughȱtoȱbeȱviewedȱby theȱnakedȱeye. Answer: Gross 5) Studyȱofȱtheȱchangesȱinȱformȱthatȱoccurȱduringȱtheȱperiodȱfromȱconceptionȱtoȱphysical maturityȱisȱcalledȱ________ȱanatomy. Answer: developmental 6) ________ȱisȱtheȱstudyȱofȱtheȱsmallestȱlivingȱunits. Answer: Cytology 7) Moreȱthanȱoneȱ________ȱcombinesȱtoȱincreaseȱcomplexityȱandȱpromoteȱtheȱlevelȱof organizationȱtoȱtheȱorganȱlevel. Answer: tissue
Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ9
8) ________ȱisȱtheȱprocessȱofȱproducingȱaȱnewȱorganism. Answer: Reproduction 9) ________ȱisȱaȱbasicȱfunctionȱofȱaȱlivingȱorganismȱthatȱgovernsȱhowȱtheȱindividualȱreactsȱto stimuli. Answer: Responsiveness 10) Theȱprocessȱofȱcellularȱspecializationȱtoȱperformȱcertainȱfunctionsȱisȱcalledȱ________. Answer: differentiation 11) ________ȱisȱtheȱpropertyȱofȱlivingȱorganismsȱwherebyȱtheyȱdischargeȱuselessȱorȱharmful wastesȱproducedȱduringȱnormalȱfunction. Answer: Excretion 12) Theȱpropertyȱofȱlivingȱthingsȱtoȱchangeȱpositionȱisȱcalledȱ________. Answer: movement 13) Theȱ________ȱsystemȱcontainsȱglandularȱstructuresȱthatȱdirectȱlong-termȱchangesȱinȱthe activitiesȱofȱotherȱorganȱsystems. Answer: endocrine 14) Theȱ________ȱsystemȱbreaksȱchemicalsȱdownȱandȱabsorbsȱthemȱintoȱtheȱbody. Answer: digestive 15) Aȱ________ȱplaneȱisȱaȱhorizontalȱorȱcross-sectionalȱplaneȱintersectingȱtheȱhumanȱbodyȱatȱright anglesȱtoȱtheȱlongȱaxis. Answer: transverse 16) Aȱmidsagittalȱsectionȱdividesȱtheȱhumanȱbodyȱintoȱequalȱ________ȱandȱ________ȱportions. Answer: left;ȱright 17) Mostȱofȱtheȱdigestiveȱorgansȱareȱcontainedȱwithinȱtheȱ________ȱcavity,ȱwhichȱisȱnamedȱforȱthe membraneȱthatȱsurroundsȱit. Answer: peritoneal 18) Theȱhipȱisȱ________ȱtoȱtheȱknee. Answer: proximal 19) Theȱnippleȱisȱ________ȱandȱ________ȱtoȱtheȱumbilicus. Answer: superior;ȱlateral 20) Theȱanatomicalȱnameȱforȱtheȱfrontȱofȱtheȱelbowȱisȱ________. Answer: antecubitus 21) Theȱhipsȱareȱ________,ȱorȱinferior,ȱtoȱtheȱshoulders. Answer: caudal 22) Anȱimbalanceȱinȱtheȱfunctionȱofȱtheȱbodyȱisȱknownȱasȱ________. Answer: disease 23) Theȱouterȱsurfacesȱofȱeachȱlungȱareȱcoveredȱbyȱtheȱ________ȱpleura. Answer: visceral
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24) Theȱbladderȱisȱlocatedȱinȱtheȱ________ȱcavity. Answer: pelvic 25) Theȱ________ȱseparatesȱtheȱthoracicȱfromȱtheȱabdominalȱcavity. Answer: diaphragm 26) Heartȱisȱtoȱpericardialȱcavityȱasȱ________ȱisȱtoȱpleuralȱcavity. Answer: lung 27) Organsȱsuchȱasȱtheȱliver,ȱstomach,ȱandȱpancreasȱareȱlocatedȱwithinȱtheȱ________ȱcavity, superiorȱtoȱtheȱlevelȱofȱtheȱpelvis. Answer: abdominal 28) Theȱ________ȱlayerȱofȱtheȱserousȱmembraneȱisȱattachedȱtoȱtheȱsurfacesȱofȱorgansȱinȱtheȱventral bodyȱcavity. Answer: visceral 29) Theȱpericardiumȱliesȱwithinȱtheȱ________,ȱaȱportionȱofȱtheȱthoracicȱcavityȱthatȱliesȱbetweenȱthe leftȱandȱrightȱpleuralȱcavities. Answer: mediastinum 30) Theȱbranchȱofȱanatomyȱthatȱstudiesȱstructuresȱtooȱsmallȱtoȱbeȱseenȱwithȱtheȱnakedȱeyeȱisȱcalled ________ȱanatomy. Answer: microscopic 31) ________ȱisȱtheȱdisciplineȱthatȱmightȱexamineȱstructuralȱinteractionsȱwithinȱaȱsheetȱofȱmuscle tissue. Answer: Histology 32) Aȱ________ȱsectionȱisȱproducedȱifȱtheȱbodyȱisȱseparatedȱintoȱtopȱandȱbottomȱportions. Answer: transverse 33) Damageȱtoȱbodyȱstructuresȱatȱanyȱlevelȱwouldȱmostȱimpairȱfunctionȱatȱtheȱhighest,ȱor ________,ȱlevelȱofȱorganization. Answer: organism 34) Theȱ________ȱsystemȱallowsȱforȱgasȱexchangeȱwithȱtheȱenvironment. Answer: respiratory 35) Theȱrespiratoryȱsystemȱmakesȱitȱpossibleȱforȱtheȱbodyȱtoȱconductȱgasȱexchange;ȱthisȱprocessȱis alsoȱfacilitatedȱbyȱtheȱ________ȱsystem. Answer: cardiovascular 36) Theȱcalfȱisȱmoreȱappropriatelyȱcalledȱtheȱ________ȱ. Answer: sura 37) Theȱthoracicȱandȱabdominopelvicȱcavitiesȱconstituteȱtheȱ________ȱbodyȱcavity. Answer: ventral 38) Painȱoriginatingȱfromȱtheȱspleenȱwouldȱmostȱlikelyȱbeȱfeltȱinȱtheȱ________ȱabdominopelvic quadrant. Answer: leftȱupper
Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ11
39) Theȱ________ȱabdominopelvicȱregionȱisȱsandwichedȱbetweenȱtheȱrightȱandȱleftȱhypochondriac regions. Answer: epigastric Matchȱeachȱanatomicalȱdirectionalȱtermȱwithȱitsȱopposite. (a)ȱ medial (b)ȱ inferior (c)ȱ caudal (d)ȱ anterior (e)ȱ distal 40) cranial Answer: c 41) proximal Answer: e 42) lateral Answer: a 43) superior Answer: b 44) posterior Answer: d Matchȱeachȱanatomicalȱtermȱwithȱtheȱareaȱofȱtheȱbodyȱindicated. (a)ȱȱtarsus (b)ȱȱmanus (c)ȱȱbucca (d)ȱȱgluteus (e)ȱȱcervicis 45) buttock Answer: d 46) ankle Answer: a 47) foot Answer: c 48) cheek Answer: c 49) hand Answer: b
12ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e
Matchȱeachȱanatomicalȱapproachȱorȱspecialtyȱwithȱitsȱemphasis. (a)ȱȱradiographicȱanatomy (b)ȱȱdevelopmentalȱanatomy (c)ȱȱsystemicȱanatomy (d)ȱȱmicroscopicȱanatomy (e)ȱȱregionalȱanatomy 50) Usesȱmagnification Answer: d 51) Changesȱoverȱtime Answer: b 52) Studyȱofȱallȱthingsȱinȱanȱarea Answer: e 53) Studyȱofȱoneȱgroupȱatȱaȱtime Answer: c 54) Usesȱradioisotopes,ȱmagnets,ȱandȱX-rays Answer: a Matchȱeachȱlevelȱofȱorganizationȱwithȱitsȱdescriptionȱbelow. (a) organismȱlevel (b) cellularȱlevel (c) organȱlevel (d) chemicalȱlevel (e) tissueȱlevel 55) Cellularȱstructuresȱandȱfunctionsȱfocusȱattentionȱatȱtheȱ________. Answer: b 56) Atomsȱinteractingȱtoȱformȱcomponentsȱwithȱdistinctiveȱpropertiesȱinȱtheȱbodyȱshow organizationȱatȱtheȱ________. Answer: d 57) Multipleȱtissuesȱthatȱinteractȱtoȱperformȱaȱunitedȱgroupȱofȱfunctionsȱshowȱorganizationȱatȱthe ________. Answer: c 58) Specializedȱcellȱtypesȱunitedȱtoȱperformȱaȱdistinctiveȱgroupȱofȱsharedȱfunctionsȱshow organizationȱatȱtheȱ________. Answer: e 59) Interactionsȱamongȱorganȱsystemsȱdemonstrateȱfunctionȱatȱtheȱ________. Answer: a
Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ13
Matchȱeachȱwordȱwithȱitsȱmostȱspecificȱdescriptionȱbelow. (a)ȱ disease (b)ȱ sign (c)ȱ symptom (d)ȱ diagnosis (e)ȱ pathology 60) Anȱunusualȱfunctioningȱofȱtheȱbodyȱasȱdescribedȱbyȱaȱpatient. Answer: c 61) Theȱstudyȱofȱillness. Answer: e 62) Illness,ȱorȱimbalance. Answer: a 63) Aȱspecificȱdesignationȱofȱaȱconditionȱofȱfunctioning. Answer: d 64) Aȱvisibleȱclueȱonȱaȱpatient. Answer: b
Essay 1) Howȱdoesȱmicroscopyȱdifferȱfromȱviewingȱstructuresȱwithȱtheȱnakedȱeye? Answer: Microscopyȱinvolvesȱtheȱstudyȱofȱstructuresȱtooȱsmallȱtoȱbeȱseenȱbyȱtheȱnakedȱeye. Whenȱstructuresȱareȱviewedȱwithȱtheȱunaidedȱeye,ȱtheȱentireȱthree-dimensional structureȱcanȱbeȱseenȱasȱwellȱasȱitsȱrelationshipȱtoȱotherȱstructures.ȱStructuresȱobserved byȱmicroscopyȱareȱseenȱonlyȱinȱaȱtwo-dimensionalȱplane;ȱsomeȱsectionsȱmayȱbeȱdifficult toȱinterpret. 2) Howȱareȱtheȱlevelsȱofȱorganizationȱofȱbodyȱstructuresȱrelatedȱtoȱeachȱother? Answer: Eachȱcomplexȱlevelȱisȱtotallyȱdependentȱuponȱallȱtheȱlevelsȱthatȱareȱlessȱcomplex, becauseȱdamageȱatȱtheȱlevelȱofȱtheȱsmallestȱstructureȱaffectsȱlargerȱandȱmoreȱcomplex structuresȱthroughoutȱtheȱsystem. 3) Inȱgeneral,ȱwhyȱmustȱlargerȱorganismsȱhaveȱspecializedȱstructuresȱtoȱpermitȱsomeȱlife functionsȱtoȱoccur? Answer: Inȱlargeȱorganisms,ȱspecializedȱstructuresȱareȱrequiredȱforȱmovementȱofȱmaterials throughȱexposedȱsurfacesȱandȱtransportȱofȱmaterialsȱbetweenȱbodyȱregionsȱbecauseȱ(1) manyȱcellsȱareȱtooȱfarȱfromȱanȱexposedȱsurfaceȱandȱ(2)ȱthereȱisȱnotȱenoughȱtotalȱsurface areaȱtoȱallowȱallȱofȱtheȱbodyȇsȱcellsȱtoȱexchangeȱnutrients,ȱoxygen,ȱandȱwastesȱdirectly withȱtheȱenvironment.ȱOtherȱlifeȱfunctions,ȱsuchȱasȱreproduction,ȱareȱalsoȱcomplicated byȱorganismsȇȱlargerȱsize. 4) Whatȱisȱtheȱroleȱofȱserousȱmembranesȱinȱtheȱbody? Answer: Serousȱmembranesȱprovideȱaȱslipperyȱcoverȱforȱtheȱinsideȱofȱtheȱventralȱbodyȱcavities andȱtheȱoutsideȱofȱmostȱorgansȱlocatedȱinȱtheseȱcavities.ȱThisȱslipperyȱliningȱprevents frictionȱbetweenȱmovingȱorgansȱandȱtheȱbodyȱwall.
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5) Whyȱisȱitȱimportantȱtoȱbeȱfamiliarȱwithȱmajorȱanatomicalȱlandmarks? Answer: Majorȱlandmarksȱhaveȱaȱconsistentȱlocationȱwithȱrespectȱtoȱotherȱstructures,ȱandȱcan giveȱanȱideaȱofȱtheȱlocationȱofȱstructuresȱthatȱcannotȱbeȱseenȱbecauseȱtheyȱareȱinternalȱto theȱskin. 6) Howȱdoesȱtheȱdefinitionȱofȱposterior,ȱasȱitȱisȱusedȱinȱhumanȱterminology,ȱdifferȱfromȱtheȱusage withȱfour-leggedȱanimalsȱ(quadrupeds)? Answer: PosteriorȱmeansȱȈbehind,Ȉȱwhichȱisȱequivalentȱtoȱdorsalȱ(ȈtheȱbackȈ)ȱinȱhumans.ȱBecause ofȱtheȱdifferenceȱinȱstandingȱposition,ȱtheȱtwoȱtermsȱareȱnotȱequivalentȱinȱquadrupeds, dorsalȱstillȱmeaningȱtheȱbackȱofȱtheȱanimal,ȱbutȱposteriorȱmeaningȱtheȱtailȱ(orȱcaudal) end. 7) Howȱdoesȱcomparativeȱanatomyȱcontributeȱtoȱtheȱstudyȱofȱhumanȱgrossȱanatomy? Answer: Observedȱsimilaritiesȱofȱanatomicalȱstructureȱamongȱdifferentȱspeciesȱofȱanimals demonstrateȱevolutionaryȱrelationshipsȱandȱtheȱsimilarityȱofȱdevelopmentalȱprocesses. Comparisonȱofȱtheȱsameȱsystemsȱamongȱdifferentȱanimalsȱalsoȱshowsȱhowȱthese systemsȱareȱadaptedȱtoȱserveȱdifferentȱanatomicalȱandȱphysiologicalȱfunctions. 8) Howȱdoesȱtheȱregionalȱapproachȱdifferȱfromȱtheȱsystemicȱapproachȱinȱtheȱstudyȱofȱanatomy? Answer: Systemicȱanatomyȱconsidersȱallȱofȱtheȱcomponentsȱofȱeachȱorganȱsystem simultaneously.ȱRegionalȱanatomyȱconsidersȱallȱofȱtheȱsuperficialȱandȱinternalȱstructures inȱaȱspecificȱareaȱofȱtheȱbody,ȱregardlessȱofȱtheȱorganȱsystem. 9) Whatȱisȱtheȱfunctionȱofȱanȱorganȱsystemȱinȱtheȱbody? Answer: Organȱsystemsȱareȱgroupsȱofȱorgansȱthatȱfunctionȱtogetherȱtoȱproduceȱcoordinated effects. 10) Whatȱisȱtheȱbasicȱanatomicalȱpatternȱthatȱhumansȱandȱotherȱvertebrateȱanimalsȱshare? Answer: Allȱofȱtheseȱorganismsȱshowȱbilateralȱsymmetry,ȱtwoȱsetsȱofȱpairedȱlimbs,ȱandȱaȱcephalic locationȱforȱmostȱofȱtheȱorgansȱofȱtheȱspecialȱsenses.ȱAllȱvertebratesȱhaveȱaȱhollow dorsalȱnerveȱcord,ȱdorsalȱandȱventralȱbodyȱcavities,ȱandȱaȱpostanalȱtail,ȱalthoughȱin humansȱthisȱstructureȱisȱreducedȱtoȱtheȱfourȱelementsȱofȱtheȱcoccyx.ȱAllȱvertebratesȱalso shareȱtheȱȈtubeȱwithinȱaȱtubeȈȱpatternȱofȱhollowȱbodyȱcavitiesȱthatȱcontainȱtubular structures,ȱsuchȱasȱtheȱdigestiveȱtract.ȱAtȱsomeȱstageȱofȱdevelopmentȱ(oftenȱonly embryonic),ȱvertebratesȱalsoȱhaveȱaȱnotochordȱandȱpharyngealȱ(gill)ȱarches.
Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ15
LabelingȱExercises Figureȱ1.1
Identifyȱtheȱlevelsȱofȱorganizationȱinȱtheȱfigureȱabove. 1) LabelȱA:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Organismalȱlevel
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2) LabelȱB:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Organȱsystemȱlevel 3) LabelȱC:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Organȱlevel 4) LabelȱD:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Tissueȱlevel 5) LabelȱE:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Cellularȱlevel 6) LabelȱF:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Chemicalȱorȱmolecularȱlevel
Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ17
Figureȱ1.2
Usingȱtheȱfigureȱabove,ȱidentifyȱtheȱlabeledȱpart. 7) LabelȱA:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Cephalonȱorȱheadȱ(cephalic)
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8) LabelȱB:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Craniumȱorȱskullȱ(cranial) 9) LabelȱC:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Faciesȱorȱfaceȱ(facial) 10) LabelȱD:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Orisȱorȱmouthȱ(oral) 11) LabelȱE:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Mentisȱorȱchinȱ(mental) 12) LabelȱF:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Axillaȱorȱarmpitȱ(axillary) 13) LabelȱG:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Brachiumȱorȱarmȱ(brachial) 14) LabelȱH:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Antecubitusȱorȱfrontȱofȱelbowȱ(antecubital) 15) LabelȱI:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Antebrachiumȱorȱforearmȱ(antebrachial) 16) LabelȱJ:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Carpusȱorȱwristȱ(carpal) 17) LabelȱK:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Palmaȱorȱpalmȱ(palmar) 18) LabelȱL:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Pollexȱorȱthumb 19) LabelȱM:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Digitsȱ(phalanges)ȱorȱfingersȱ(digitalȱorȱphalangeal) 20) LabelȱN:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Patellaȱorȱkneecapȱ(patellar) 21) LabelȱO:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Crusȱorȱlegȱ(crural) 22) LabelȱP:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Tarsusȱorȱankleȱ(tarsal) 23) LabelȱQ:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Digitsȱ(phalanges)ȱorȱtoesȱ(digitalȱorȱphalangeal) 24) LabelȱR:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Halluxȱorȱgreatȱtoe 25) LabelȱS:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Pesȱorȱfootȱ(pedal)
Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ19
26) LabelȱT:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Femurȱorȱthighȱ(femoral) 27) LabelȱU:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Pubisȱ(pubic) 28) LabelȱV:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Inguenȱorȱgroinȱ(inguinal) 29) LabelȱW:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Manusȱorȱhandȱ(manual) 30) LabelȱX:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Trunk 31) LabelȱY:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Pelvisȱ(pelvic) 32) LabelȱZ:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Umbilicusȱorȱnavelȱ(umbilical) 33) LabelȱAA:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Abdomenȱ(abdominal) 34) LabelȱBB:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Mammaȱorȱbreastȱ(mammary) 35) LabelȱCC:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Thoracisȱorȱthorax,ȱchestȱ(thoracic) 36) LabelȱDD:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Cervicisȱorȱneckȱ(cervical) 37) LabelȱEE:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Buccaȱorȱcheekȱ(buccal) 38) LabelȱFF:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Aurisȱorȱearȱ(otic) 39) LabelȱGG:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Oculusȱorȱeyeȱ(orbitalȱorȱocular) 40) LabelȱHH:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Nasusȱorȱnoseȱ(nasal) 41) LabelȱII:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Fronsȱorȱforeheadȱ(frontal)
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Figureȱ1.3
Usingȱtheȱfigureȱabove,ȱidentifyȱtheȱlabeledȱpart. 42) LabelȱA:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Shoulderȱ(acromial) 43) LabelȱB:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Dorsumȱorȱbackȱ(dorsal)
Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ21
44) LabelȱC:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Olecranonȱorȱbackȱofȱelbowȱ(olecranal) 45) LabelȱD:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Lumbusȱorȱloinȱ(lumbar) 46) LabelȱE:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Gluteusȱorȱbuttockȱ(gluteal) 47) LabelȱF:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Popliteusȱorȱbackȱofȱkneeȱ(popliteal) 48) LabelȱG:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Suraȱorȱcalfȱ(sural) 49) LabelȱH:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Calcaneusȱorȱheelȱofȱfootȱ(calcaneal) 50) LabelȱI:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Plantaȱorȱsoleȱofȱfootȱ(plantar) 51) LabelȱJ:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Lowerȱlimb 52) LabelȱK:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Upperȱlimb 53) LabelȱL:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Cervicisȱorȱneckȱ(cervical) 54) LabelȱM:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Cephalonȱorȱheadȱ(cephalic)
22ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e
Figureȱ1.4
Usingȱtheȱfigureȱabove,ȱidentifyȱtheȱlabeledȱpart. 55) LabelȱA:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Cranial 56) LabelȱB:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Posteriorȱorȱdorsal 57) LabelȱC:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Anteriorȱorȱventral 58) LabelȱD:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Caudal 59) LabelȱE:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Proximal 60) LabelȱF:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Medial
Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ23
61) LabelȱG:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Distal 62) LabelȱH:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Distal 63) LabelȱI:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Proximal 64) LabelȱJ:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Lateral Figureȱ1.5
Usingȱtheȱfigureȱabove,ȱidentifyȱtheȱlabeledȱpart. 65) LabelȱA:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Pleuralȱcavity 66) LabelȱB:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Pericardialȱcavity
24ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e
67) LabelȱC:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Thoracicȱcavity 68) LabelȱD:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Diaphragm 69) LabelȱE:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Peritonealȱcavity 70) LabelȱF:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Abdominalȱcavity 71) LabelȱG:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Pelvicȱcavity 72) LabelȱH:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Abdominopelvicȱcavity 73) LabelȱI:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Heart 74) LabelȱJ:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Visceralȱpericardium 75) LabelȱK:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Pericardialȱcavity 76) LabelȱL:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Parietalȱpericardium 77) LabelȱM:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Airȱspace 78) LabelȱN:ȱ___________________________________ Answer: Balloon
