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CHAPTER 2: Culture and Culture Change
Multiple Choice Questions 1. A) B) C) D)
Anthropologists, as well as other social scientists, feel that culture is __________. learned and shared inherited transmitted only from one group to another only a small part of how people learn their behaviors
Question Title: TB_02_01_Defining Culture_Remember_2.1 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Discuss the concept of culture as used in anthropology, its salient properties, and controversies surrounding the concept of culture. Topic: Defining Culture Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1-Easy
2. A) B) C) D)
A __________ is a group of people who occupy a particular territory and speak a common language. society culture family subculture
Question Title: TB_02_02_Defining Culture_Remember_2.1 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Discuss the concept of culture as used in anthropology, its salient properties, and controversies surrounding the concept of culture. Topic: Defining Culture Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1-Easy
3. A) B) C) D)
The most powerful transmitter of culture is probably __________. language the elders of a society the school system parents
Question Title: TB_02_03_Defining Culture_Remember_2.1 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Discuss the concept of culture as used in anthropology, its salient properties, and controversies surrounding the concept of culture. Topic: Defining Culture Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1-Easy
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4. A) b) c) d)
Emile Durkheim stressed that culture is something __________ us exerting a strong __________ power on us. outside; coercive outside; limiting inside; limiting inside; coercive
Question Title: TB_02_04_Cultural Constraints_Remember_2.2 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe direct and indirect cultural constraints and how they relate to norms. Topic: Cultural Constraints Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
5.
A) B) C) D)
When a member of a group diverges from acceptable standards, or norms, of social behavior, he/she may be ridiculed, arrested, or otherwise pressured into conformity through what Emile Durkheim referred to as __________. cultural constraints cultural relativism cultural penalties ethnocentrism
Question Title: TB_02_05_Cultural Constraints_Remember_2.2 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe direct and indirect cultural constraints and how they relate to norms. Topic: Cultural Constraints Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1-Easy
6. A) B) C) D)
The tendency to judge other cultures without trying to grasp the reasons behind their customs is what anthropologists refer to as __________. ethnocentrism acculturation cultural relativism diffusion
Question Title: TB_02_06_Attitudes That Hinder the Study of Cultures_Remember_2.3 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.3 Identify attitudes that hinder the study of cultures. Topic: Attitudes That Hinder the Study of Cultures Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1-Easy
7. A) B) C)
Which important tenet of anthropology was first championed by Franz Boas to challenge the attitude that Western culture was inherently superior to others? cultural relativism participant-observation ethnocentrism
D)
evolutionism
Question Title: TB_02_07_Cultural Relativism_Remember_2.4 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.4 Critically assess the concept of cultural relativism. Topic: Cultural Relativism Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1-Easy
8. A) B) C) D)
The ideal cultural traits of a society __________. consist of the ideas people have about how they ought to behave consist of the cultural patterns that most people always exhibit generally reflect the way a society was in the past are usually followed by the most respected members of a community, but not necessarily by others
Question Title: TB_02_08_Describing a Culture_Remember_2.5 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the methods by which anthropologists describe cultures. Topic: Describing a Culture Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
9. A) B) C) D)
What is the modal response for a cultural rule? the most frequently encountered response the response that most people report as the ideal the most rarely encountered response the most extreme variation of a response
Question Title: TB_02_09_Describing a Culture_Remember_2.5 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the methods by which anthropologists describe cultures. Topic: Describing a Culture Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1-Easy
10. A) B) C) D)
An adaptive custom is one that __________. enhances survival and reproduction changes with other cultural fluctuations persists over several generations was learned from other cultures
Question Title: TB_02_10_Culture Is Patterned_Remember_2.6 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.6 Explain why culture is integrated or patterned. Topic: Culture Is Patterned Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1-Easy
11. A) B) C) D)
What are the ultimate sources of all cultural change? discovery and invention diffusion and discovery invention and modification modification and diffusion
Question Title: TB_02_11_How and Why Cultures Change_Remember_2.7 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe and give examples of how cultures change through discovery and invention, diffusion, and acculturation. Topic: How and Why Cultures Change Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1-Easy
12. A) B) C) D)
Which of the following is a basic pattern of diffusion? intermediate contact invention historical interaction discovery
Question Title: TB_02_12_How and Why Cultures Change_Remember_2.7 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe and give examples of how cultures change through discovery and invention, diffusion, and acculturation. Topic: How and Why Cultures Change Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1-Easy
13. A) B) C) D)
How does the everyday usage of the term “culture” differ from its academic definition? The common usage reflects a desirable quality that can be acquired. The academic definition reflects traits that are only possessed by a segment of the population. The common usage deals only with patterns that have been passed down for generations. The academic definition is narrower than the common usage.
Question Title: TB_02_13_Defining Culture_Understand_2.1 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Discuss the concept of culture as used in anthropology, its salient properties, and controversies surrounding the concept of culture. Topic: Defining Culture Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
14. A) B) C) D)
Individuals have __________, but groups share __________. behavior; culture culture; society society; beliefs beliefs; behavior
Question Title: TB_02_14_Defining Culture_Understand_2.1 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Discuss the concept of culture as used in anthropology, its salient properties, and controversies surrounding the concept of culture. Topic: Defining Culture Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 1-Easy
15. A) B) C) D)
Which of the following is a major source of new culture? individual variation peer pressure tradition revolution
Question Title: TB_02_15_Defining Culture_Understand_2.1 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Discuss the concept of culture as used in anthropology, its salient properties, and controversies surrounding the concept of culture. Topic: Defining Culture Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
16. A) B) C) D)
The fact that monkeys and apes can learn new behaviors from each other __________. suggests that they have a culture does not necessarily mean that they have culture suggests that they are ancestral to modern humans indicates that they have a rudimentary language
Question Title: TB_02_16_Defining Culture_Understand_2.1 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Discuss the concept of culture as used in anthropology, its salient properties, and controversies surrounding the concept of culture. Topic: Defining Culture Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
17. A) B) C) D)
Because a word or phrase can represent what it stands for, whether or not that thing is present, we say that language is __________. symbolic adaptive interpretive naturalistic
Question Title: TB_02_17_Defining Culture_Understand_2.1 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Discuss the concept of culture as used in anthropology, its salient properties, and controversies surrounding the concept of culture.
Topic: Defining Culture Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 1-Easy
18. A) B) C) D)
Which of the following is true of conformity studies across culture? The degree of conformity varies, but most studies still show a conformity effect. The degree of conformity is relatively stable across cultures. The number of studies showing a conformity effect is about equal to those that find no effect. There is no conformity effect in most non-Western societies.
Question Title: TB_02_18_Cultural Constraints_Understand_2.2 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe direct and indirect cultural constraints and how they relate to norms. Topic: Cultural Constraints Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
19. A) B) C) D)
Ethnocentrism both hinders our understanding of other peoples’ cultures and __________. keeps us from understanding our own customs helps us adopt other peoples’ customs for our own uses ensures that our culture will never change reminds us of how much our culture has evolved
Question Title: TB_02_19_Attitudes That Hinder the Study of Cultures_Understand_2.3 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.3 Identify attitudes that hinder the study of cultures. Topic: Attitudes That Hinder the Study of Cultures Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
20. A) B) C) D)
What is the conceptual opposite of ethnocentrism? the glorification of other cultures an understanding of the nuances of other cultures thinking your own culture is better than others believing that all cultures are essentially the same
Question Title: TB_02_20_Attitudes That Hinder the Study of Cultures_Understand_2.3 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.3 Identify attitudes that hinder the study of cultures. Topic: Attitudes That Hinder the Study of Cultures Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
21. A) B) C)
How did early evolutionists tend to think of Western cultures? They viewed Western cultures as being at the most progressive stage of evolution. They believed they were lacking in important knowledge that other cultures already possessed. They were extremely relativistic in their thinking, seeing all cultures as morally equivalent.
D)
There was a rift between ethnocentric and relativistic evolutionists at the time.
Question Title: TB_02_21_Cultural Relativism_Understand_2.4 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.4 Critically assess the concept of cultural relativism. Topic: Cultural Relativism Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
22. A) B) C) D)
How do anthropologists deal with the range of individual behaviors they meet when trying to describe a culture? They use the variations to define acceptable limits of behavior. They ignore all but the most common few variations. They describe all possible variations instead of looking for patterns. They focus on the most unusual variations and the people involved in them.
Question Title: TB_02_22_Describing a Culture_Understand_2.5 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the methods by which anthropologists describe cultures. Topic: Describing a Culture Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
23. A) B) C) D)
Variations in individual behavior are confined within __________ acceptable limits. socially historically legally ethically
Question Title: TB_02_23_Describing a Culture_Understand_2.5 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the methods by which anthropologists describe cultures. Topic: Describing a Culture Skill Level: Understand Difficulty Level: 1-Easy
24. A) B) C) D)
What does the concept of cultural integration mean? Various subgroups in the society work together. Cultural elements are constant. Cultural traits that are maladaptive can be made to work with adaptive traits. Cultural elements are a fairly eclectic assortment.
Question Title: TB_02_24_Culture Is Patterned_Understand_2.6 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.6 Explain why culture is integrated or patterned. Topic: Culture Is Patterned Skill Level: Understand Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
25. A) B) C) D)
The conscious or unconscious pressure for cultural __________ will often produce cultural change. consistency innovation relevance superiority
Question Title: TB_02_25_How and Why Cultures Change_Understand_2.7 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe and give examples of how cultures change through discovery and invention, diffusion, and acculturation. Topic: How and Why Cultures Change Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 1-Easy
26.
A) B) C) D)
The process of cultural change known as __________ describes a situation in which a subordinate society adopts cultural traits or technologies through contact with a more powerful society, either through force or due to perceived economic or social advantages. acculturation stimulus diffusion unconscious invention enculturation
Question Title: TB_02_26_How and Why Cultures Change_Understand_2.7 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe and give examples of how cultures change through discovery and invention, diffusion, and acculturation. Topic: How and Why Cultures Change Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
27. A) B) C) D)
Which of the following is an example of forced acculturation? schools for Native American children the popularity of McDonald’s restaurants in Japan teens across Europe watching MTV Inuit hunters using snowmobiles and GPS technology
Question Title: TB_02_27_How and Why Cultures Change_Understand_2.7 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe and give examples of how cultures change through discovery and invention, diffusion, and acculturation. Topic: How and Why Cultures Change Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
28.
The adoption and later elimination of the sepaade tradition among the Rendille is an example of __________.
A) B) C) D)
intentional cultural change acculturation diffusion a maladaptive custom
Question Title: TB_02_28_Culture Change and Adaptation_Understand_2.8 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.8 Relate culture change to the process of adaptation to a changing environment. Topic: Culture Change and Adaptation Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
29. A) B) C) D)
While there are many negative consequences to globalization, the United Nations has suggested an improvement in __________. literacy rates the spread of disease workers’ wages deforestation rates
Question Title: TB_02_29_Globalization: Problems and Opportunities_Understand_2.9 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.9 Evaluate the problems and opportunities posed by globalization. Topic: Globalization: Problems and Opportunities Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 1-Easy
30.
A) B) C) D)
Often, in the aftermath of violent events such as depopulation, relocation, enslavement, and genocide by dominant powers, deprived peoples have created new cultures in a process called __________. ethnogenesis diasporization acculturation diffusion
Question Title: TB_02_30_Ethnogenesis: The Emergence of New Cultures_Understand_2.10 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.10 Describe and give examples of ethnogenesis, or the emergence of new cultures. Topic: Ethnogenesis: The Emergence of New Cultures Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 1-Easy
31. A) B) C) D)
Why is hair color not considered a cultural trait? Hair color may be shared by most members of a culture, but it is not a learned trait. There are many different colors of hair within one culture. People learn which hair colors are preferred, but they cannot change their hair color. Hair color is neither learned nor shared throughout the culture.
Question Title: TB_02_31_Defining Culture_Apply_2.1
Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Discuss the concept of culture as used in anthropology, its salient properties, and controversies surrounding the concept of culture. Topic: Defining Culture Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
32. A) B) C) D)
Which of the following behaviors would most likely be subject to direct cultural constraints in American society? choosing to wear nothing a young man’s attempt to kiss his girlfriend a woman carrying her child in a soft basket hung from her head dancing in the street before going to work
Question Title: TB_02_32_Cultural Constraints_Apply_2.2 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe direct and indirect cultural constraints and how they relate to norms. Topic: Cultural Constraints Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
33. A) B) C) D)
Which of the following American norms might be seen as immoral or inferior by someone from another culture? putting a baby to sleep in its own room wearing special clothing for sleep sleeping in a bed sleeping for 6–8 hours each night
Question Title: TB_02_33_Attitudes That Hinder the Study of Cultures_Apply_2.3 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.3 Identify attitudes that hinder the study of cultures. Topic: Attitudes That Hinder the Study of Cultures Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
34. A) B) C) D)
Which of the following statements is true regarding ethics across cultures? All cultures have ethical standards, but what they emphasize varies. All cultures have similar ethical standards. All cultures have identical ethical standards. Some cultures have no ethical standards.
Question Title: TB_02_34_Cultural Relativism_Apply_2.4 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.4 Critically assess the concept of cultural relativism. Topic: Cultural Relativism Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
35. A) B) C) D)
Which of the following is an example of consistency of cultural traits? The English drive on the left side of the road, so they also have their steering wheels on the right side of the car. Americans believe that eating dogs is wrong because they are sometimes kept as family pets, so they also avoid eating pigs. The French often allow children to have wine, so they also have high rates of alcoholism. The Japanese diet contains a lot of seafood, so they disapprove of raising a garden for food.
Question Title: TB_02_35_Culture Is Patterned_Apply_2.6 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.6 Explain why culture is integrated or patterned. Topic: Culture Is Patterned Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
36.
A) B) C) D)
The !Kung hunter-gatherers of the Kalahari Desert in Africa live in small, nomadic groups and own few material possessions. Anthropologists refer to these cultural traits as __________ that help them survive in their social and physical environment. adaptive customs maladaptive customs assimilations backward traits
Question Title: TB_02_36_Culture Is Patterned_Apply_2.6 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.6 Explain why culture is integrated or patterned. Topic: Culture Is Patterned Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
37. A) B) C) D)
The Tapirapé of Brazil maintained their tradition of having very small families even in the face of extinction. This is an example of a(n) __________ custom. maladaptive adaptive integrating constraining
Question Title: TB_02_37_Culture Is Patterned_Apply_2.6 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.6 Explain why culture is integrated or patterned. Topic: Culture Is Patterned Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
38. A) B)
Which of the following groups is most likely to be an early adopter of innovation? the lower-middle class the wealthy upper class
C) D)
the upper-middle class the very poor
Question Title: TB_02_38_How and Why Cultures Change_Apply_2.7 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe and give examples of how cultures change through discovery and invention, diffusion, and acculturation. Topic: How and Why Cultures Change Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 3-Difficult
39. A) B) C) D)
Which of the following describes the form of culture change known as diffusion? Many of the foods we eat, such as pasta and chicken, were introduced to us through contact with different cultures around the world. James Hargreaves developed the spinning jenny to increase the efficiency of textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. Your parents teach you the proper way to speak to your elders. Medical experiments and discoveries lead to the cure for an epidemic disease such as polio.
Question Title: TB_02_39_How and Why Cultures Change_Apply_2.7 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe and give examples of how cultures change through discovery and invention, diffusion, and acculturation. Topic: How and Why Cultures Change Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
40. A) B) C) D)
Sequoya’s idea to create a writing system for the Cherokee, after encountering written English, is an example of __________. stimulus diffusion innovation acculturation discovery
Question Title: TB_02_40_How and Why Cultures Change_Apply_2.7 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe and give examples of how cultures change through discovery and invention, diffusion, and acculturation. Topic: How and Why Cultures Change Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
41. A) B) C) D)
In what areas of American culture have the most drastic changes of cultural norms taken place in the last generation? sex and marriage economics religious practices our educational system
Question Title: TB_02_41_Introduction_Analyze_2.1 Answer: A Learning Objective: Topic: Introduction Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
42. A) B) C) D)
How does material culture differ from the broader concept of culture? It consists of the physical products of customary behavior. It is only present in societies with a market economy. Material culture is related to wealth and high status. Only material culture can be studied through historical records.
Question Title: TB_02_42_Defining Culture_Analyze_2.1 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Discuss the concept of culture as used in anthropology, its salient properties, and controversies surrounding the concept of culture. Topic: Defining Culture Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
43. A) B) C) D)
The strong form of cultural relativism suggests that __________. all patterns of culture are equally valid tolerance should be the mode unless there is strong reason to behave otherwise non-Western cultures are inherently more moral than Western cultures any sort of judgment can cloud accuracy of descriptions
Question Title: TB_02_43_Cultural Relativism_Analyze_2.4 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.4 Critically assess the concept of cultural relativism. Topic: Cultural Relativism Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: 3-Difficult
44. A) B) C) D)
Some scholars argue that cultural relativists are acting hypocritically by __________. claiming that tolerance is a universal principle pushing democracy on other nations prioritizing non-Western belief systems over Western ones assuming that all cultures have similar ethical systems
Question Title: TB_02_44_Cultural Relativism_Analyze_2.4 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.4 Critically assess the concept of cultural relativism. Topic: Cultural Relativism Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: 3-Moderate
45. A) B) C) D)
Which of the following illustrates an ideal cultural trait in U.S. society that does not correspond to practical reality? People of all classes and races are equal before the law. Most children will go off to college, marry, and start households of their own. Workers take the weekend off to have a chance to relax. Children call their mothers on Mother’s Day.
Question Title: TB_02_45_Describing a Culture_Analyze_2.5 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the methods by which anthropologists describe cultures. Topic: Describing a Culture Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: 3-Difficult
46. A) B) C) D)
According to Ralph Linton, what is the difference between discovery and invention? Discovery is an addition to knowledge, and invention is a new application of knowledge. Discovery is technological, and invention is ideological. Discovery is ideological, and invention is technological. Discovery is a new application of knowledge, and invention is an addition to knowledge.
Question Title: TB_02_46_How and Why Cultures Change_Analyze_2.7 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe and give examples of how cultures change through discovery and invention, diffusion, and acculturation. Topic: How and Why Cultures Change Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: 3-Difficult
47. A) B) C) D)
Why might a superior innovation not be adopted? The costs of adopting the new innovation might exceed the benefits. People may not be intelligent enough to master the new technology. The habits of the old system are more important than finding something that works better. New innovations are generally viewed suspiciously for a while.
Question Title: TB_02_47_How and Why Cultures Change_Analyze_2.7 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe and give examples of how cultures change through discovery and invention, diffusion, and acculturation. Topic: How and Why Cultures Change Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: 3-Difficult
48. A) B) C) D)
What is one reason why cultural diffusion is a selective process? The overt form of a trait may have a different meaning for the second culture. Cultures may only allow certain traits to be borrowed by other groups. Technological traits diffuse easily, while ideological traits are much harder to borrow. Diffusion is a slow process, so only a small fragment of cultural traits will be transmitted.
Question Title: TB_02_48_How and Why Cultures Change_Analyze_2.7 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe and give examples of how cultures change through discovery and invention, diffusion, and acculturation. Topic: How and Why Cultures Change Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: 3-Difficult
49. A) B) C) D)
The fact that a new behavior is not likely to become cultural if it has harmful reproductive consequences is consistent with what theory? natural selection cultural relativism optimal foraging historical particularism
Question Title: TB_02_49_Culture Change and Adaptation_Analyze_2.8 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.8 Relate culture change to the process of adaptation to a changing environment. Topic: Culture Change and Adaptation Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
50. A) B) C) D)
What is one social condition that may give rise to rebellion and revolution? threats to recent economic improvements high esteem given to authority decisiveness of government increasing support of the intellectual class
Question Title: TB_02_50_How and Why Cultures Change_Analyze_2.7 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe and give examples of how cultures change through discovery and invention, diffusion, and acculturation. Topic: How and Why Cultures Change Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
51.
Explain how cultural constraints regulate cultural norms by giving specific examples of both direct and indirect cultural constraints common to your own culture.
Question Title: TB_02_51_Cultural Constraints_Apply_2.2 Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. A clear distinction between direct and indirect cultural constraints 2. Specific examples of the two types of constraints 3. Application of these constraints to specific norms within the student’s culture Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe direct and indirect cultural constraints and how they relate to norms. Topic: Cultural Constraints Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: 2-Moderate
52.
Compare and contrast the attitude of ethnocentrism and glorification of other cultures. How can an awareness of these conflicting attitudes lead to more reliable anthropological data?
Question Title: TB_02_52_Attitudes That Hinder the Study of Cultures_Analyze_2.3 Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. An adequate definition of ethnocentrism 2. A brief discussion or examples of when/why people might glorify other cultures 3. A clear application of these concepts to anthropological field research Learning Objective: 2.3 Identify attitudes that hinder the study of cultures. Topic: Attitudes That Hinder the Study of Cultures Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: 3-Difficult
53.
Do you believe that cultural relativism prevents anthropologists from finding fault with another culture’s practices or from trying to make social change? Why or why not?
Question Title: TB_02_53_Cultural Relativism_Analyze_2.4 Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. A suitable definition of cultural relativism 2. A clear position justified by key concepts from the chapter Learning Objective: 2.4 Critically assess the concept of cultural relativism. Topic: Cultural Relativism Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: 3-Difficult
54.
How do anthropologists take into account the wide range of behavioral variation seen in any culture? Explain the use of a modal response when describing a culture.
Question Title: TB_02_54_Describing a Culture_Analyze_2.5 Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Distinction between individual behavior and culture 2. Definition of modal response or modal behavior 3. Description of the usefulness of identifying a modal response Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the methods by which anthropologists describe cultures. Topic: Describing a Culture Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: 3-Difficult
55.
Outline the major patterns through which cultures change, providing a definition and example for each.
Question Title: TB_02_55_How and Why Cultures Change_Analyze_2.7 Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Distinction between discovery and invention 2. Various methods of diffusion
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3. Forced and passive acculturation Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe and give examples of how cultures change through discovery and invention, diffusion, and acculturation. Topic: How and Why Cultures Change Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: 3-Difficult
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