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http://www.archive.org/details/corysancientfragOOcoryuoft
& CORY'S
ANCIENT FRAGMENTS OF THE
PHOENICIAN, CARTHAGINIAN, BABYLONIAN,
EGYPTIAN AND OTHER AUTHORS.
SI £ltto
an& Enlarged ©Bittern
THE TRANSLATION CAREFULLY REVISED, AND ENRICHED WITH NOTES CRITICAL
AND EXPLANATORY, WITH INTRODUCTIONS TO THE SEVERAL FRAGMENTS.
BY E. M.C.P.
;
RICHMOND HODGES,
late Missionary to the Fellow of the Society of Biblical Archeology Editor of the "Principia Hebraica ;" in Egypt, Syria, and North Africa and Joint-Reviser (with Dr. Gotch) of the "Authorised Version of the Old Testament" from the Hebrew and Chaldee Texts. ;
Jews
REEVES
;
&
LONDON TURNER, -8/6.
196,
STRAND. I%
vp
TO
SAMUEL
BIRCH, LL.D.,
Keeper of the Oriental Antiquities
in
the British Museum
;
President of the Society of Biblical Archeology, etc., etc., etc.
AS A SCHOLAR TO
WHOM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
INDEBTED FOR THE RESUSCITATION OF SO MUCH OF
THE LONG-BURIED LEARNING OF THE ANCIENT WORLD, THIS VOLUME
IS
INSCRIBED,
WITH
THE MOST PROFOUND RESPECT AND %
ADMIRATION, BY
THE EDITOR.
IS
—
TABLE OF CONTENTS. Those pieces which are for the first time published in this work are
marked with a
*.
Dedication
iii
Advertisement
v
Editor's Preface
On
the
vii
Progress,
Origin,
and Results of Hieroglyphic and
Cuneiform Decipherment.
On
Phoenician Literature
:
By
the Editor
.
.
.
Introduction to Sanchoniathon.
.
xiv
By
the Editor
xxxii
SANCHONIATHON. The Fragments
of Sanchoniathon
:
Extracted from Eusebius
I
„
Porphyry
21
„
Philo-Byblius, or Porphyry
„
.
.
22
THE TYRIAN ANNALS. From Dius and Menander. The Fragments
of the Tyrian Annals
Extracted from Dius .
„
„
Menander
:— 27
28
— —
CONTENTS.
THE PERIPLUS OF HANNO. Introduction to the Periplus of
The Voyage
of
Hanno
35
Hanno, Commander of the Carthaginians
CHALDEAN
36
.
HISTORY.
From Berosus, Abydenus, and Megasthenes. Introduction to Berosus.
The Fragments
By
of Berosus
the Editor
43
:
Extracted from Apollodorus „
The Fragments
51
Abydenus
53
„
Alexander Polyhistor
„
Josephus, the Jewish Historian
„
Athenseus
„
* Clement, Bishop of Alexandria
„
Seneca
of Megasthenes
.
.
.
56
.
.
.
64 68
.
.
.
.
.
69 70
.
:
Extracted from Abydenus
71
Chaldean Fragments. Of the Ark.
From
Nicolas of
Damascus
Concerning the Dispersion of Mankind
.
.
.
.74
.
after the Flood.
From
Hestiaeus
74
From Alexander Polyhistor From the Sibylline Oracles Concerning the Tower of Babel and Abraham. From Eupolemus Concerning Abraham. From Nicolas of Damascus * Of Abraham and his Descendants, and of Moses and the Land From Justin, out of Trogus Pompeius of Israel. Concerning Belus. From Eupolemus From Thallus Of the Assyrian Empire. From Ktesias From Diodorus Siculus From Herodotus Of Nabopollasar. From Alexander Polyhistor Of the Chaldtean and Assyrian Kings. From Alexander PolyConcerning the Tower of Babel.
.
.
.
.
.
.... ... .... ....
histor
75 75
yy 78
78
82 82
83
83 84 84
85
—
CONTENTS.
....
Of Sennacherib. From Alexander Polyhistor Of Sennacherib and his Successors. From Alexander Polyhistor Of Sennacherib and his Successors. From Abydenus Of Belus and the Assyrian Empire. From Castor Chaldaean Theogony. From Damascius * From Agathias
... .... .
.
86 87
89
90 92 92
EGYPTIAN HISTORIES. Containing the
Old Chronicle the
Introduction.
By
the
;
Remains of
Manetho
;
and
Laterculus of Eratosthenes.
the Editor
:
Biographical Notice of Abydenus
95
„
„ Megasthenes
„
„ Eratosthenes
,,
„ Apollodorus
„
„ Julius Africanus
„
„ Alexander Polyhistor
95
96
.
96 97
„ George the Syncellus „ Introduction to the Lists of Manetho. By the Editor
The Fragments of Manetho The Egyptian Dynasties. The Dynasty Demigods The Egyptian Dynasties after the Deluge The Second Book of Manetho The Third Book of Manetho Of the Shepherd Kings Of the Israelites The Old Egyptian Chronicle Erastosthenes' Canon of the Kings of Thebes
101
102
109
—
of
.
.
.
.
.
.
the
in
.
.
104
.
.112
.
117
.
.
121
126
.
.
131
136
.
.138
.
Miscellaneous Fragments.
Of the Exodus.
From From From From From From
Chasremon Diodorus Siculus
.....
Lysimachus
144
Polemo Ptolemaeus Mendesius
Artabanus
142 143
146 .
.
.
146 147
—
CONTENTS.
The Obelisk of Heliopolis. From Ammianus Marcellinus Of the Siriadic Columns. From Josephus
148
.
151
INDIAN FRAGMENTS. From Megasthenes. The Fragments of Megasthenes Of the Ancient Histories of India Of the Castes of India Of the Philosophers Of the Philosophical Sects Of the Indian Suicides Of the Philosophers. From Clitarchus Of the Indian Astronomy. From the Paschal Chronicle :
.
.
.
153
.
156 161
162
.....
166 167 167
.
ATLANTIC AND PANCH^EAN FRAGMENTS. From Marcellus and Euemerus. Of the
Atlantic Island.
Panchsean Fragments.
From Marcellus From Euemerus
.... .
.
.
171
172
,
MISCELLANEOUS FRAGMENTS. From Hecatseus of Abdera From Agatharchides of Cnidus * Concerning the Septuagint Version. From
**
Of the Jews.
*
Demetrius Phalereus to the King
.... .... .
.
the
.
.
Epistle of
Fragment of King Hiempsars Punic Books. From Sallust Velleius Paterculus and ^Emilius Sura * Cleanthes, Biographical Notice of. By the Editor
..... .
Hymn of Cleanthes to Jupiter. From Stobasus Of the Chaldaean Observations. From Pliny * Of the Manners of the Babylonians. From Nicolas of Damascus The Canon of the Kings of Egypt. From Diodorus Siculus
* The
Index,
.... .
Rerum
et
Verborum
177
183
185
186
190 191
192
194 194 199
205
ADVERTISEMENT.
The work
of which
we
here present to the public
a new edition, was published by the late Isaac Preston Cory nearly half a century ago.
few years a new and enlarged edition for,
1
After a
was
called
which was so well received by the public that
has long been out of print.
demand by
in great
The book
being
students of antiquity,
resolved on meeting the wishes of the
We
it
still
we have
public
by
issuing a
new
lation to
be revised, and have added introductions
edition.
have caused the trans-
to the several fragments, together with
notes and
explanations supplied from the recently-interpreted hieroglyphic and cuneiform texts, and from the re-
searches of
sought to
We
competent scholars.
make
have thus
the student acquainted with
the
various sources of information which have been dis-
covered since this collection of fragments peared, and to throw
some
light
of Nineveh and the temples of relics of
The 2nd
edition
ap-
from the mounds
Egypt upon these
the long-forgotten past.
1
first
was published
in 1832.
EDITOR'S PREFACE.
In giving to the public a
Ancient Fragments to the wishes of
new
edition of Cory's
have endeavoured
I
numerous
to
respond
literary friends
by
fur-
nishing a brief account of the several authors to
whom we
are indebted for these extracts, and, at
same time, some information respecting the decipherment of the hieroglyphic texts of Egypt, and the cuneiform records of Nineveh and Babylon. The first edition of this work appeared in 1826, the
the second in
1832
;
a time
when
in its infancy,
while
therefore,
Egyptian scholarship was
still
at
cuneiform research had not yet seen the
Young,
discoveries of Champollion,
Brugsch, Chabas,
Le Page
light.
Birch, Bunsen,
Renouf, Godwin, and
a host of other scholars in the former search,
and of Layard,
Botta,
in the latter,
field
of re-
Rawlinson,
N orris,
Fox
Talbot,
Oppert, Menant, George Smith, Sayce,
and Schrader
The
have furnished so much
valuable information respecting the ancient empires of
Egypt and
satisfied
by the
Assyria, that
we can no
longer rest
with the meagre accounts transmitted to us classic writers concerning times
and people
with which they were themselves but imperfectly
EDITORS PREFACE.
Vlll
acquainted.
At a
the labours
of
time, therefore,
distinguished
the
when, thanks to scholars
named, we can read with considerable astonishing certainty the papyri of clay-tablets of Babylon,
it
a moment, and consider
above
and
facility
Egypt and the
behoves us to pause for
how
this
wonderful mine
was discovered, and the means Cory's Fragments has been worked.
of ancient treasures
by which
it
constitute a
fitting
supplement
to
fragments
the
which have been exhumed from the mounds of Nineveh, and rescued from the tombs and
Considered
of Egypt.
pits
in this light
mummythey
be found to explain and complete one another in the
;
will for,
one we have Assyrians and Egyptians speak-
ing for themselves each in his other the information
is
channel, and reaches
us,
own tongue
only
side
that
in
the
supplied through a Greek
no doubt, more or
coloured by the media through which It is
;
it
less
has passed.
when we place the two accounts side by we are in a position to estimate their
respective values, and reproduce the half obliterated lines.
in
his
"
The
contents of this volume," says Cory, i(
preface,
translated from
are fragments, which have been
foreign
languages into Greek, or
have been quoted, or transcribed, by Greeks from foreign authors
;
or,
have been written
language by foreigners archives of their
By way
own
who have had
in the
Greek
access to the
countries."
of supplement
the original
editor
had
EDITORS PREFACE.
IX
added such extracts and fragments as appear to have descended from more ancient sources, though they are
now
be found only
to
Greek and Latin
writers.
he continues, "will
find
"
The
in
the works of
classical reader/'
but poor amusement in
perusing a half-barbarous dialect, replete with errors
and inconsistencies
;"
I
have,
therefore,
with the
two-fold object of diminishing the price and of ob-
space for more valuable matter, adopted
taining
Cory's estimate of the original, and omitted the
Greek will
text.
By
this
omission the value of the work
not be diminished, the price will be consider-
ably lower, and, without increasing the size of the
book,
I
am
able to give valuable elucidations of the
fragments from the most recent sources of information.
can
still
Those who do so
in
Uni-
M
tiller's
versal History (vol.
Fragmenta Grczca
desire to consult the originals
Bunsen's Egypt's Place in I., x
;
at the end), or, in
there seemed,
therefore,
no
why I should enhance the price of the book by publishing these specimens of "a half-barbarous dialect," or take up the reader's time with " errors and inconsistencies." I have generally given Cory's translation, seldom departing from it except where it was manifestly wrong, ambiguous, or ill-arranged. Sometimes, to render the book more readable, I have thrown two sentences into one but in no case have I departed from the meaning of the author. reason
;
1
Didot, Paris, 1841.
X
EDITORS PREFACE.
Where the sense was obscure or incomplete" or a name occurred under an unusual form, I have added but within brackets, the word required to
in the text,
complete the meaning, or the more usual name of the person or place.
The purpose
for
which these
is
to enable the
fragments are here brought together student of antiquity to bring as focus
it
were
one
into
the scattered rays of light, and to project
all
them, thus concentrated, into the dark cavern of
meval light
Why
history. still
more
smoke than
is
then should
defective
by
unavoidable
retain ttnexplained,
we
retaining
more of
its
why
In other words,
?
pri-
render the
Greek forms of well-known He-
brew, Babylonian, or Egyptian names (as bur translators
have done
meet with Noe
in the
for
New
Testament), where
Noah, Elias
for Elijah, Jesus for
Joshua, and Eliseus for the well-known Elisha
we were
we
?
If
German author would it, for instance, be tolerated for a moment if we, following our author, gave Mailand as the equivalent of Milan, called Venice by its German name Venedig, or spoke of Geneva as Genff Whenever, therefore, I have met with a name which has a well-established form in our own language, I have given, together translating a
with the Greek, the usually-accepted English equivalent,
e.g.,
Nabuchodrosorus,
I
have called by
well-known name of Nebuchadnezzar I
have
It is
called, as in
;
his
and Ithobalus
our version of the Bible, Ethbaal.
best not to assume too
much knowledge on
the
EDITORS PREFACE.
more prudent to err on the than leave them to flounder in the
part of our readers side of prolixity
it is
;
mire of uncertainty.
am
Herein I
circumstance which came under
my
he read to
me
a portion of the lecture he was that
name Brittany occurred was to he should add some
several times, without any indication
be sought.
suggested that
I
short parenthetical statement as to in
some few
west of England on one of his lecture-nights,
night to deliver, in which the
and
reminded of a
notice
Dining with a well-known clergyman
years back. in the
XI
its
it
being in France,
My friend
what part of that country.
—he was
where
did not
quite sure that the
see the necessity of
it
intelligent audience
which he was about to address
knew where
Brittany was
—
in
short,
they would
almost feel themselves insulted in being told in France.
he liked
I
I
him
told
would put
Would you have
I it
thought to
differently,
was and if
it
the test immediately.
the kindness to ask Miss B.
—
—his
young lady of nineteen to step into the study and ask her. If she replies off-hand I will yield the point, and assume that all the people are as intelligent and well-read in geography as
eldest daughter, a
Miss B. ter,
The
reverend gentleman called his daugh-
and put the question.
She appeared much
per-
plexed, and, without attempting a reply, after five
minutes' consideration withdrew covered with blushes,
repeating "
No
!
I
don't pa/' to the old gentleman's
evident annoyance.
In speaking of Brittany that
editor's preface.
xii
night the worthy pastor told them to " look for
the
map
some
of France."
critics to
If,
will
;
is
will recollect, that
be many to
dent
and that
readers that
whom it is
In short, having set aside the
plan
I
useless encumbrance, the to the ordinary English
not happen to have enjoyed the
advantages of an early
my
readers there
explain what seems so very obvious
I
who does
In carrying
classical training.
shall explain
Hebrew, Assyrian, Greek,
and Egyptian words wherever they
Phoenician,
and thus endeavour far as these
I
such matters are not so evi-
Greek text as a costly and book now addresses itself
out
to
in explain-
sufficiently intelligible,
among my
in
for the benefit of plain English
to classical scholars.
student,
may seem
I
have spent too much time
ing what to themselves
beg they
therefore,
it
occur,
to place the English reader, so
Fragments are concerned, on a
with the best Oriental scholars of our day.
level
I
have
also referred the student to authorised translations
of cuneiform and
hieroglyphic texts, whenever
I
thought that any additional light was thrown by
them upon the statements contained ments.
Lastly,
place that
I
it
remains only for
in these
me
to say
have omitted Cory's preface
Fragin this
entirely, as
upon the long-exploded learning of Jacob Bryant, Faber, and Parkhurst and have dispensed altogether with the Neo-Platonic forgeries resting chiefly
;
which Cory had placed respectively
of,
at the end, bearing the titles
Oracles of Zoroaster, the Hermetic
EDITORS PREFACE.
Xlll
Creed, the Orphic, Pythagorean, and other fragments, of doubtful authenticity and of
little
We now
value.
possess, thanks to the labours of
MM.
perron, Spiegel, and
the remains of the
Haug,
so-called Zend-Avesta, of
—the
Gathas
—are
as genuine.
all
which only a small portion
regarded by competent scholars
Comparing these
so-called Oracles of
Zoroaster with the genuine fragments,
reason to reject them
however, they
will
in Stanley's Lives
Anquetil Du-
as spurious.
we have every
Such
as they are,
be found, translated into English,
of the Philosophers.
I
have pre-
ferred, therefore, in the present edition, to
omit this
farrago of metaphysico-philosophical nonsense, and
have added several fragments of other ancient authors containing matter of greater importance.
THE EDITOR. London, 1876.
ON THE
ORIGIN, PROGRESS,
AND RESULTS
OF
HIEROGLYPHIC AND CUNEIFORM
DECIPHERMENT.
Egyptian Hieroglyphics and
The
foundation of
all
their Decipherment.
our knowledge of the monu-
mental and literary treasures of Ancient Egypt
based on the fortunate discovery of Rosetta Stone,
Museum.
the famous
now treasured up in the we are told by Dr. Birch
In 1799,
duction to the Study of Hieroglyphics),
is
British
{Intro-
M. Boussard,
of the French Expedition, discovered near Rosetta,
a large stone of black granite,
commonly known
as
the Rosetta stone, or inscription, which, at the capitulation of
Alexandria, was surrendered to General
Hutchinson, and presented by King George III. to
Museum.
the British
"It contained/' he continues, "a trigrammatical inscription
;
one
in
hieroglyphics, a second in the
demotic or vernacular, and a third the
Greek
translation
it
in
Greek."
appeared that
solemn decree of the united priesthood,
in
it
From was a
synod
at
XV Memphis, ferred
honour of Ptolemy V., who had con-
in
upon them
certain benefits.
By
the successive
Thomas Young, Champollion,
labours of Dr.
Deveria,
Dr. Birch, Bunsen, Brugsch, Chabas, and other emi-
nent scholars, the values of the hieroglyphic characters
have been determined, and the two Egyptian In 1865 a
texts translated.
new
bilingual inscription,
Greek and hieroglyphic, was discovered at San, the ancient Zoan or Tanis. This new inscription has confirmed the accuracy of our previous researches,
and adds a considerable amount of new information, especially as regards geographical names. 1
now
logists are
inscriptions
able to read the important historical
found at Mount Sinai and
of the land of Egypt. political, religious,
Egyptians 2 flects
and
now
is
The
in all parts
literature, historical,
philosophical, of the ancient
spread open before
us,
and
re-
a brilliant light upon the ancient fragments of
Manetho and other 1
Egypto-
The
have been of Isaiah
name
native
difficulty to
writers contained in this work.
of Phoenicia, so long an insuperable
scholars, appears
Keft
ix. 13,
—
i.e.,
from
a palm-tree.
xix. 15,
and Job xv.
Egyptian text to See the Hebrew text
this
32.
The most important Egyptian texts, translated by competent scholars, are now accessible to English readers 2
in vols
II.,
IV.,
and VI. of Records of the Past.
Sons, London, 1873
—
5.
Bagster
&
XVI
Cuneiform Decipherment.
During the
new and
past quarter of a century a
unexpected revelation has come to us from the plains of Mesopotamia and the banks of the Tigris.
buried
cities
The
of Babylon and Nineveh, of Erech, and
Arbela, have sprung from their long-forgotten graves,
and yielded Loftus, their
and Layard, Rawlinson and ancient records and historic treasures. to Botta
In our early days Nineveh was but a name, and
Babylon an abstraction
their annals
:
were
partially
recorded in the venerable pages of Holy Writ, and
we had tories sites
glimpses of their ancient glories in the
and poems of the
were unknown, or
classic writers
unidentified,
his-
but their
;
and the wan-
dering Arab or Eeliyaut pitched his tent and tended his flocks Still,
among
amidst
their long-forgotten sepulchres.
all this
ruin
and obscurity there existed
a key to unlock the treasures of the past only was wanted
We
who
:
the
man
should discover and employ
it.
purpose, therefore, on the present occasion to
answer the oft-repeated question, attained the
power
to read
and
How
have we
translate the cunei-
form inscriptions of the Assyrians and Babylonians,
and what proof can be given of our success therein
The
collections of Europe, but,
those of the Louvre and the British
?
more especially Museum, contain
innumerable specimens of Assyrian sculpture, and
!
CUNEIFORM DECIPHERMENT. whole volumes of Assyrian history
xvii
— history,
as
has been well observed, written " not in books, nor
—
on paper, but upon rocks and stones" cylinders of baked clay and burnt bricks. It is, we believe, generally
known
that these inscriptions, so far as they
relate historical matter, can
lated with almost as
same accuracy, few,
we
which
much
now be
ease,
read and trans-
and with nearly the
as a page of Sanskrit or Arabic
;
believe, are acquainted with the process
this
power has been
attained.
The
but
by
readers of
the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society are no doubt
aware of the painful steps by which
been achieved people
—are
—not
;
this success
has
but the great majority of intellectual
being members of that learned Society
in the deepest ignorance with reference to this
interesting question.
Rarely have
we met
with any
one who had clear and accurate knowledge of the origin of cuneiform decipherment,
and of the vast
importance of the results attained.
Though always
taking a deep interest in such discoveries ourselves,
we
confess that,
years ago what
if
any one had asked us
we knew
of the subject,
five or six
we
should
Very little Our first accurate and connected ideas upon the subject were derived from the very valuable work of M. Menant, " Les Ecritures Cundiformes, Exposd des travaux qui ont prep art la lecture et V interpretation have been compelled
des
in
truth to say,
inscriptions de la Perse et
edition, Paris, 1864.
de UAssyrie?
2nd
CUNEIFORM DECIPHERMENT.
XVlll
When
Botta and Layard excavated the mounds of
and brought
Mesopotamia,
treasures to adorn our
to
their
light
buried
museums, and throw a gleam
of light on the sadly blurred and blotted pages of antiquity, the nature of the cuneiform characters
comparatively unknown.
From the days of the
was
British
Resident at Bagdad, Mr. Rich, and Sir Robert Ker
were
Porter, inscriptions in the cuneiform character
continually being
terpreted basis
published and conjecturally
by charlatans and pretenders
was found on which
which was
destined
to
to
be
;
in-
but no real
rear the vast fabric
built.
Grotefend, of
Gottingen, in the beginning of the present century,
was the
first
to lay the foundation-stone of cuneiform
Miinter and Tychsen had previously
decipherment. identified the
group
for " king,"
and established the
use of the diagonally-placed wedge as a word-divider.
A copy of two short inscriptions found at Persepolis, was placed before Grotefend, the one of Darius Hys-
He
conjectured
inscriptions
emanating
taspes, the other of his son Xerxes. that,
probably, these were
from a Persian monarch of the Achaemenide dynasty, or successors
of
Achsemenes
;
he fixed upon a
certain group of characters, which, from their
fre-
quent recurrence, might contain the name of some
Taking one of these short inthe names of Xerxes and of Cyrus,
king of that dynasty. scriptions,
he tried
but without success.
and succeeded.
By
He
then tried that of Darius,
the decipherment of this
name
CUNEIFORM DECIPHERMENT. he obtained characters
and
:
the values
XIX
five or six
of
cuneiform
he read the name Dara-ya-vush or Darius,
his title khshayathiya
kkskayatkiydnam, "king of
kings, son of Vistaspa," &c., which furnished several
more phonetic
values.
Distinguished scholars, such
as Westergard, and Rask, of Copenhagen, Lassen,
of Bonn, and Burnouf, of Paris, then took up the
study on the Continent, while Dr. Hincks and Mr.
Fox Talbot devoted ment of the
Our
their attention to the decipher-
third kind of inscriptions, the Assyrian.
Universities have produced as yet no cuneiform
Hincks and Sayce,
scholars, with the exception of
nor can
we
point out any distinguished clergyman in
the Church, except Mr. Sayce, 1
himself to this study. difference,
and not a
who
has
Yet, in spite of little
devoted
much
in-
determined opposition,
progress continued to be made.
Hitherto only copies
of the two short inscriptions found at Persepolis, the
one a decree of Xerxes, the other of Darius, had formed the sole materials
A
for study.
longer text
was then found on the rocks of El vend, which soon attracted the attention of the savants of
Burnouf devoted himself text, all
and
these
De
Saulcy to the Assyrian.
inscriptions
Europe.
to the study of the Persian
Fortunately,
emanating from the Persian
monarchs, are drawn up in three languages, and 1
Since this was written the Rev.
J.
translated from the cuneiform text the nasir-pal,
king of Assyria,
B.C. 883.
it is
M. Rodwell has Annals of Asur-
XX
CUNEIFORM DECIPHERMENT.
by
their aid that
the
difficulties,
we have been
able to overcome
otherwise insuperable, of reading the
annals of Assyrian
and Babylonian
brevity
trilingual
known
of in
the
all
hitherto
Europe, however, limited our knowledge
and
to but a few cuneiform characters,
The
words.
The
kings.
inscriptions
long-desired key
was
still
fewer
at length
found
to
very long inscription of Darius Hystaspes at
in the
We owe
Behistun, in Persia. 1
the
first
copy of
this
very valuable document to Sir Henry Rawlinson,
who,
while
ambassador
engaged to the
in
duties
official
opportunity afforded hirn by
its
manshah
it.
to procure a
copy of
proximity to Ker-
The
he published with a Latin translation of
the
Royal Asiatic Society
Assyrian
text,
in the
Journal
with a translation into Latin, in the
to exercise their ingenuity,
cuneiform
Persian text
1846, and the
for
same Journal in 1851. Here the scholars of Europe had a exertions.
H. M.
as
Court of Persia, embraced the
The
Persian
text
on which
and one worthy of their text
is
alphabet of about 40
written
with a
characters
the
;
Medo-Scythic and the Assyrian translations of the text are written, the former with a syllabarium,
and
the latter in ideograms, and with a syllabarium. This inscription,
which
for ages
had attracted the
tion of travellers going into Media, 1
was ascribed
See the article, Behistun Inscription, Supplement, Arts and Sciences.
Cyclopcedia,
atten-
in
in
the English
CUNEIFORM DECIPHERMENT.
XXI
the time of Diodorus Siculus to the celebrated queen
Semiramis.
Instead of
this,
we know now that
it is
a
record of the acts and conquests of Darius Hystaspes,
who
there gives his genealogy, and mentions the
various battles fought by him against the successive
The
pretenders to the throne. it
is
tone of piety in which
shown throughout victories to Ormuzd, the
written, the religious feeling
in the ascription of all his
supreme deity of the Persians, and the love of truth there inculcated, render this a very valuable
mony
to the state of religious
The names and
that remote period.
testi-
and moral feeling
at
facts recorded,
most surprisingly confirm the statements of the Greek authors, Herodotus and Diodorus.
also,
Interesting as the Behistun Inscription undoubtedly
more so as being the starting-point of Babylonian and Assyrian decipherment. There ninety than proper-names in the Assyrian are more is, it
becomes
still
text of this inscription
and, since proper-names are
;
not translated, but only transcribed from one language into another,
follows, that
it
having by the decom-
position of these ninety names, obtained a portion
of the Assyrian syllabary, to
commence
Inscription
was
renderings our
key
Persian
our
first
lonian language. obtain a
then in a position
the reading of the remainder of the
The
inscription.
we were
first
text
of the
spelling-book,
Behistun
and
its
dictionary of the Assyrio- Baby-
But,
to the
it
maybe
asked,
Persian text
?
How It is
did
we
true that
CUNEIFORM DECIPHERMENT.
XX11
Burnouf, Lassen, Oppert, and
Grotefend,
had laboured with
Sir
H. Rawlinson
Hincks
at the discovery
of the phonetic values of the Persian characters
who gave of time
us the vocabulary
;
but
This also was a work
?
but the publication of the Zend-Avesta by
;
Anquetil-Duperron, the study of the Zend, or Old Bactrian,
and Sanskrit languages,
all
Persian words.
In
identical with the Sanskrit,
—a brother be, to exist all
;
;
many
fact,
— earth navi — a ship
;
of the words are
—a son Mga— a god
e.g.,
bhumi
contributed to
meaning of the
aid the student in determining the
putra
;
and many
;
aham
—
bu
is
to
only a
I.
Then, again, the modern Persian was of great Darius commences his address with
tance.
—
others, are
unchanged Sanskrit words, while Adam
harder form of the Sanskrit
bratar
;
Darius, the great king, king of kings," &c.
"
assisI
am
Now
such words as khshdyathiya and vazraka were easily explained
shah
—a
from
king, buzurg
many others. The labours
of Sir
corresponding Persian words
—great
;
and so of a great
Henry Rawlinson have been
on and perfected by Spiegel, an eminent
carried
German words
the
savant,
in
and now we
find there are not
twenty
the whole Persian text of the meaning
of which there
is
nian inscription the Persian text.
is
any doubt.
The
Assyrio- Babylo-
a tolerably correct translation of
Having, therefore, obtained the
values of the Assyrian characters by pulling to pieces,
CUNEIFORM DECIPHERMENT. as
it
XX111
were, the ninety proper-names occurring in the
Assyrian translation,
we were
able,
the Persian translation, to render,
by the help of word for word,
the meaning of the Assyrio- Babylonian text.
Dr.
Hincks afterwards compiled a syllabary, as did Sir H. Rawlinson, and Dr. Oppert.
also
An first
attempt was
now made
time a uni-lingual text
at translating for the
—the Standard inscription This was translated
of Sargon from Khorsabad.
by Major- General
Sir
Henry Rawlinson, and pub-
lished in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society for
At
1850.
same time, the same Journal, a the
Henry
Sir
also
published,
in
inscription
on the famous Black Obelisk, recording
translation of the
the events of the reign of Shalmaneser of Assyria.
II.,
King
This venerable monument was brought
by Mr. Layard from Nimroud, the ancient Calakh, and is now in the British Museum. The text of these two inscriptions, with
many
others of even
greater antiquity, has been published of the Trustees of the British
The
learned world
still
by command
Museum.
remained incredulous as to
the accuracy of what had been done, and
still,
though
without any sufficient reason, a few persons remain so.
but
some other eminent impugned the accuracy of the translations,
Professor E. Renan, and
scholars, it
arose from their ignorance of the subject, and
from their unwillingness to climb the tedious ascent which all who pursue cuneiform studies must ascend.
CUNEIFORM DECIPHERMENT.
XXIV
The
of
translation
the
annals of Tiglath-Pileser 1st
mentioned
in the Bible),
four years of
first (b.
c.
i
the
ioo) (not the one
by the four most eminent
cuneiform scholars of that day, published in extenso in the Journal of the
formed a new era
Royal Asiatic Society
in
for i860,
cuneiform scholarship.
Henry Rawlinson, Mr. Fox
Sir
Edward
Talbot, Dr.
Hincks, and Dr. Oppert, of Paris, laboured severally
on
by
are printed side
may
Their independent translations
inscription.
this
side,
and any
impartial critic
see plainly that on the whole there
remarkable coincidence
a very
To
renderings.
their
in
i(
use the words of the arbitrators,
is
That they are
all
agreed, or very nearly so, as to the powers of the characters,
is
established
by
their concurrent readings
of proper names, which they almost always express in
same manner
as nearly the
when we
as can be expected,
consider the different values attached by
different persons to the letters of our
Again, they say, letters
terms
"
The agreement
being established,
it
assumed
to
pondence
in the
alphabet."
as regards the
follows that significant
be also similarly read
will
own
;
and
this
may be
be the case from the frequent correspassages of the translations.
It
may
be stated generally, that with a few exceptions, the
main purport
of
each paragraph agrees."
They
conclude their judgment on the several translations
— Upon the whole, experiment — than which a
as
follows
:
"
the result of this
fairer test could scarcely
XXV
CUNEIFORM DECIPHERMENT.
— may
be devised
be considered as
establishing,
almost definitely, the correctness of the valuation of the characters of these inscriptions. that
further investigations
alter,
or to add
whole,
may be
may
find
It
but, the great portion,
;
after
possible
something to if
not the
One would
read with confidence."
have thought that
is
such a decided expression of
opinion by the most competent scholars,
who
con-
sented to act as arbitrators, that the cavillers would
have been are
still
for ever silenced.
a few or
certainty,
Fifteen years
who
But
not so
it is
:
there
are utterly incredulous as to the
accuracy,
of cuneiform
scholarship.
have elapsed since then, and our
cuneiform scholars have not been idle visited the ruins of
:
Dr. Oppert
Nineveh and Babylon, and on
his
return published, at the cost of the French Govern-
ment, his excellent and learned work, "Expedition en Mesopotarnie" which contains numerous texts, with
and vocabularies of words.
translations
The same
author has given us the Annals of Sargon (mentioned Isaiah xx.), an Early History of Babylon
and
to
him belongs the merit of
Assyrian Grammar. Dr.
Edwin
first
and Assyria,
publishing an
Norris, late secretary
of the Royal Asiatic Society, has given to the world
a translation of the Medo-Scythic text of the Behistun Inscription
;
and,
his invaluable
till
his decease,
which have long been scholars.
was employed on
Assyrian Dictionary^ three volumes of in the
hands of cuneiform
Monsieur Joachim Menant has favoured
CUNEIFORM DECIPHERMENT.
XXVI
the public with a valuable
language
in
grammar
cuneiform
the
of the Assyrian
Mr.
character;
Fox
many admirable translations cuneiform inscriptions, and is now engaged in the
Talbot has introduced of
preparation of a very useful Glossary of Assyrio-
Babylonian words
Museum,
British
is
while Mr. George Smith, of the
;
deserving of all praise for his very
valuable work, entitled the " Annals of Asurbanipal, son of Esarkaddon, king of Assyria" with text and translation
his
;
complete List of Assyrian Characters
and Ideograms and ;
of
lastly, for his
admirable sketch
Early Babylonian History, published
vol. of the
in the first
Transactions of the Society of Biblical
Archaeolgy, and reprinted, with additions, in
So
of Records of the Past. origin
far
we have
vol.
traced the
and progress of cuneiform decipherment.
have now
briefly to
iii.
We
speak of the results attained, or
yet to be obtained, by the pursuit of this study. First.
We have
established the important fact that
the Assyrians were a Semitic people, and spoke a
language akin to Secondly. historic
We
times,
Hebrew and learn
of the existence, in
of a great
Turanian
the plains of Mesopotamia. prising allied
fact
to the
that,
at
a
Arabic.
We
pre-
civilisation in
learn
the
sur-
remote period, a people
Finns and Laplanders, and speaking
a dialect of the great Tartar family, founded the cities
of
central
Asia,
invented
plex system of writing that
human
the
most com-
ingenuity ever
CUNEIFORM DECIPHERMENT.
and
devised,
laid the
XXV11
foundation of a civilisation
which lasted with few radical changes down
Some of
time of Alexander the Great. are
mentioned
Accad
in
people
is
in
Holy
the land of Shinar
mentioned
often
and
;
Erech and
as
Scripture,
in the
to the
their cities
this
primitive
inscriptions
of
the Assyrian kings, and called Akkadi, or Akkads. 1
We
possess numerous specimens of their literature in
the British
highly
Museum, and we race,
civilized
find that they
who have
left
annals, scientific treatises, liturgies, tracts.
were a
us historical
and mythological
language not only permeated
Their
the
Assyrian, but even reached the Hebrew, in which
are found several
hdkal
Akkad
— a temple, —a ir
Akkads were
the
words, such as
city,
and many
instructors of
yam
others.
—
sea,
The
the Assyrians in
and from them the Assyrians adopted the arrow-headed, or wedge-shaped system of writing, which we call cuneiform. Thirdly. We have learned by the decipherment
literature
and
science,
of the Assyrian inscriptions, the origin of that re-
markable Hebrew word has been the crux of the word "^ — T
Hebrew 1
it
^?
Hebrew
(ASHTE), which scholars.
Joined to
denotes eleven.
Winer, an eminent
"
having counted ten
scholar, thought that
»
See the article Chaldee Language, in the English CycloSupplement, Arts and Sciences ; also, M. Francois Lenormant's learned work, Etudes A cadiennes, Paris, 1873.
pcedia,
CUNEIFORM DECIPHERMENT.
XXV111
upon
their fingers,
mind over and above the
thing kept in eleven."
in despair,
it
Assyrian
the
in
Hebrew, Arabic, and
Syriac
out
not probable, but
is
Had
Gesenius
would have recognised
lived to our times he
word
scholars,
this conjecture of Winer's, cries
"By Hercules
can offer nothing more satisfactory."
strange
and hence
ten,
Hebrew
Gesenius, the prince of
commenting on I
must mean some-
ash-tay-asar
ishtin
— one
being
;
this
the
respectively
akhad, wahaad, and ekhdo.
We
Fourthly.
read in the annals of the Assyrian
kings of their wars and conquests
they
what
subdued,
into captivity,
—what
they
countries
carried
away
and with what kings they made cove-
To
nants and alliance. it
peoples
every lover of the Bible
must be a source of great
mention made
satisfaction
to find
in the Assyrian inscriptions of
Tyre
and Sidon, and Jerusalem and Gaza, and Samaria (sometimes called Omri). but of
Biblical places,
found there
;
And
not only names of
Biblical persons
as Hezekiah and
are to be
Jehoahaz,
Ahab
and Jehu, and Hazael, Sennacherib, Esarhaddon, Under this head of scripand Nebuchadnezzar. tural fact,
illustration
that
will
we now
come the deeply
interesting
obtain evidence of the true pro-
nunciation of the sacred and incommunicable of
God.
It
is,
among Hebrew
we
believe,
generally
scholars, that the
name
admitted
name Jehovah,
the designation of the supreme God,
is
as
incorrect.
CUNEIFORM DECIPHERMENT.
The Jews never pronounce meet with
it
New
the
in
this
XXIX
You never
name. 1
Testament
showing that
;
even at that time either the true pronunciation was lost,
or
which
it
was considered unlawful
the statement of Philo Judaeus, confirmed
is
Some
Josephus.
it,
by
Hebraists contend for Yahveh as
the correct pronunciation, but with learn,
pronounce
to
however, from
little
an Assyrian
We
proof.
inscription
of
Sargon's that the correct pronunciation of the most
name
sacred
of
God amongst
the Semitic people
In the Cyprus Inscription of
was Ya-u, or Yahu.
Sargon we read of a certain Ya-hu-bidi, king of
Now
Hamath.
as this king's
the sign indicating a god, is
a compound
servant,
in
Jehoahaz,
of
it
we
which
is
preceded by
evident that his
correctly
are told to praise
name
as Yahu's
Hebrew name Yeho-ahaz " one who
resembles the
—
In the book of Psalms,
holds to Yeho," or Jehovah. too,
is
some divine name, such
which
more
it is
name
God by
his
name Yah,
an abbreviated form of Yahu.
Lastly.
That
this
was the most sacred name of God
as taught in the mysteries
and Plutarch.
We
may
we
learn from Macrobius
assume, therefore, from the
very accurate mode of Assyrian vocalization, that we have here the correct pronunciation of a Semitic
1 See on this point the excellent observations of Dr. Ginsburg, in pp. 22 and 23 of The Moabite Stone, 4to, Reeves & Turner, 2nd edition, 1871.
XXX
CUNEIFORM DECIPHERMENT.
name
and that
as found in an Assyrian inscription,
Ya-ho, and not
Ya-hu, or
Jehovah,
pronunciation of what has been
name"
of the
Most High.
Time would of a
interest
threshold
of
is
which
its
not yet
all
and chronoliterature
are yet
upon the
truth
The
adytum.
points of
Assyrian
We
light.
temple of
of the
penetrated into banipal
philological,
historical,
throws a flood
many
to point out the
fail
character upon
logical
the correct
is
called " the ineffable
we have
;
library of
not
Ashur-
and there are
published,
doubtless thousands of deeply interesting inscriptions of great antiquity
still
mounds be exhumed
lying buried under the
These have yet to and brought to light, and we trust that our Government will resume the excavations of Botta and of Mesopotamia.
Layard, send out competent scholars 1 to explore the
ancient ruins, copy and
translate inscriptions,
and rescue from oblivion the scriptions of Nebuchadnezzar's,
present,
at
merely refer
improvements of the
his
valuable
have many
but
all
we
in-
possess,
restorations
city of Babylon.
account of his conquests,
The
to
of
stores
We
information contained there.
and
We want the
particularly that
of his
of the Daily Telegraph, with great have since commissioned Mr. George Smith to go to Assyria. Mr. Smith has subsequently undertaken further researches (in a second journey) at Mosul, for the 1
public
proprietors
spirit,
Trustees of the British Museum.
CUNEIFORM DECIPHERMENT.
XXXI
capture of Jerusalem, and transportation of the Jews,
and there
is
and, with
many
no doubt that such inscriptions
similar records of other kings, are
worthy of our earnest search. of a past age
exist,
lie
mouldering
Let not those
relics
in their graves.
Let
England's sons,
who
themselves, and
show a deep and
prize
and love the
Bible, exert
sincere interest in
excavations and discoveries which throw light on
sacred pages, and confirm
its
hallowed truths.
its
PHOENICIAN LITERATURE.
XXX11
SANCHONIATHON.
Phcenician literature has perished, the
of
traces
former
its
Phoenicians, however,
a
literary
if
it
very early period were
who spoke a language almost Hebrew 1 we have Biblical evidence,
rested on the single
subsequently called
during
That the
existence.
people,
identical with the
even
at a
leaving barely
the
Debir,
Canaanite
or
was
fact,
that the city
originally
Phcenician
called,
occupation,
name
before Joshua's conquest of the land, by the of Kiryath-Sepher, or Book-town.
We
know
also,
from other sources, that Phcenician merchants were often philosophers, Carthaginian generals,
men,
literary
and
states-
men, and that Numidian kings, who
had received a Phcenician education and
training,
possessed libraries of Phcenician works
as
;
or,
Juba
and Hiempsal, were themselves authors.
The Jews
1
Phoenicians, like for
instance
— had
most Semitic a
nations,
— the
very ancient historical
See the Article Phcenician Language and Inscriptions, English Cyclopaedia (Arts and Sciences Supplement).
in the
PHOENICIAN LITERATURE.
no doubt originating with the
literature,
XXX111 inscriptions,
memory
which, in order to perpetuate the
of past
events were preserved in their temples, and Semitic world became better
the
Greeks, historical works of
mentioned
to
the
Phoenician origin are
a general way, and, in some cases,
in
supposed
the
known
when
authors
Among them we meet
of
them
are
designated.
with three names, Mochus,
Hypsikrates, and Theodotus, whose works are said to
have been by one Chaitus translated into Greek.
The work
of Mochus, of which several
tions existed,
the time of two,
little is
Greek edibegan with the Cosmogony, and after
Eudemus is often quoted. Of the other known except that Hypsikrates is sup-
by some
posed
Sanchoniathon
;
be the same as our author
to
an hypothesis grounded upon the
circumstance that Hypsikrates in Greek signifies the
same
as Sanchoniathon in Phoenician, which
interprets 1T03D DD,
height
(i.e.,
heaven)
ner, Theodotus
common i.e.,
Baal
torical
Movers
SAM-ME-KUNATHO =
is
his throne.
may be
the
the
In the same man-
Greek rendering of the
name tf^tt, BAAL-YITTEN, Numerous Greek rechauffe's of his-
Phoenician gives.
works, originally composed in the Phoenician
language, are also
known
to us, bearing the
names of
Asclepiades, Chaitus, Claudius, Julius, Dius, Hierony-
mus the Egyptian, Histiaeus, Menanderof Pergamus, Menander of Ephesus, Philistus, Posidonius, Philostratus, and Teucer of Cyzicus while we have it on ;
PHCENICIAN LITERATURE.
XXXIV
King of Numidia, wrote a quoted by Sallust. Mago,
record, that Hiempsal,
history of Libya, which
is
the famous Carthaginian general, wrote twenty-eight
books on
which Dionysius of Utica ren-
agriculture,
dered into Greek, and Silanus, by
Roman
senate, translated into
command of the As regards
Latin.
Sanchoniathon, the author of the following fragments,
almost nothing
is
Athenaeus
iii.
(lib.
He
known. cap.
37),
is
mentioned by
Porphyry, the great
opponent of Christianity (De Abstinentia, 56),
Theodoret (De Cur.
Suidas,
who calls him
Grczc. Affect., serm.
a" Tyrian philosopher
Eusebius (De Prczparatione Evangelica,
For the fragments of the shipwreck of time, to Eusebius
and
his
lib.
his
we
lib.
;"
ii.
sec.
by and, by ii.),
c.
ii.
11).
work which have escaped are principally indebted
opponent Porphyry.
perished except those quotations,
made
purposes, by the writers above named.
All has
for polemical
From
their
pages they have been again extracted, put together,
and are here placed before the reader nation. original,
for his
exami-
Owing to the entire loss of Sanchoniathon's we are indebted for what we know of his a translation into Greek made by a certain
work
to
Philo
(b.c.
100) of Byblus, a coast town of Phoenicia. 1
But we must not withhold from our readers that the Byblus, the Gebal of the Hebrew Scriptures, is the present Jebail, situated on the sea coast between Beyrout arid 1
Tripoli.
XXXV
PHCENICIAN LITERATURE.
loss of the original, together with the fragmentary-
character of what remains to us of Philo's translation,
diminish not a
little
from
its
Hence many-
value.
have denied the genuineness of these fragments gether,
alto-
among whom we may mention Ursinus, Van Dale, Meiners, Hissman, and Lobeck.
Dodwell,
Others, as Grotius, Goguet, Mignot, Ewald, and the late
Baron Bunsen, have considered these fragments
as genuine, and really Phoenician,
regard the substance of them as
and therefore of the highest im-
portance.
Those who
advanced
in their favour
desire to see
what has been
may consult with advantage
the Introduction to Goguet's Esprit de Lois, Spiegel's article, "
p'ddie,
Sanchoniathon," in Hertzog's Real Encyclo-
and especially an able
article
by
Prof.
Renan,
on the Sources of Sanchoniathon s history, entitled " Mdmoire sur Vorigine et le charactere veritable de Vhistoire Phoenicienne qui porte
thon"
in
the "
le
nom, de Sanchonia-
Mdmoires de VAcaddmie
tions" Paris, i860.
1
des Inscrip-
Having thus pointed out the work of
sources of further information regarding the
Sanchoniathon, and
our task
will
its
historical value,
we
consider
be completed by presenting the frag-
ments to the reader, with such elucidations of the
1 On the opposite side the reader may consult with advantage Mover's, Die Unechtheit der in Eusebius erhaltenen Fragmente des Sanchoniathon bewiese?t. Jahrbuch fur Kath.
Theologie.
XXXVI
PHOENICIAN LITERATURE.
Phoenician and Greek words as occur therein then, leaving the student to form his
;
and
own judgment,
as to their genuineness and importance.
might be written on either side
;
and,
Volumes knowing the
weight of argument to be pretty evenly balanced,
we
prefer to take no side, but allow the student, un-
biassed by any opinion of our own, to judge for himself.
SANCHONIATHON.
Extracted from Eusebius' Pr^paratio evangelica. 1 "
Now
these things
handed down
whom
book
chap.
6.
a certain Sanchoniathon has
a very ancient author
to posterity,
they testify flourished before the Trojan war,
and who, commended both lity,
i.,
for his industry
and
wrote the History of the Phoenicians.
writings of this author, Philo, not the
fide-
All the
Jew of
that
name, but of Byblus, having translated out of the Phoenician, published in the
He
Greek language.
supposes that the beginning of
a dark and condensed windy
air,
all
things was
or a breeze of dark
Eusebius (surnamed Pamphilus), born A.D. 264, was a Being elevated to the see of Caesarea, he died about 338. He was a voluminous writer, and among his other works he composed the Prceparatio Evangelica, in nine volumes, which he dedicated to Theodotus, Bishop of Laodicea. This famous work, upon which his renown chiefly rests, contains fragments of Sanchoniathon, Berosus, and others whose works have since entirely perished. 1
native of Palestine.
B
:
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
2
and a chaos turbid and black as Erebus
air,
that these were unbounded,
and
1 j
and
for a long series of
ages destitute of form [or limit]. 2 But
when
this
wind
became enamoured of its own first principles (the chaos), and an intimate union took place, that connexion was called Pothos 3 and it was the begin;
ning of the creation of
knew
not
its
things.
all
own production
;
And
but,
it
from
(the
its
Chaos)
embrace 4
with the wind, was generated Mot, which some called Ilus
(mud)
but others the putrefaction of a watery
;
And
mixture. creation,
1
certain
which
and
sprung
animals,
intelligent
they were
"
this
all
the seed of the
And
and the generation of the universe.
there were
from
from
called
not having sensation,
animals
were produced
Zophasemim,
;
[D^ftlEn ^D^,
From Chaos Erebus and ebon Night
From Night the Day sprang
Whom
to the love of
forth, and shining Erebus she gave."
air,
Hesiocfs Theogony (Elton's Translation), line 170.
where 2T^ ('EREV), denotes mixture, twilight, and hence evening. " The earth was without form, and 2
Gen.
2,
—
Gen. i. 1. Pothos or Desire.
void." 3
i.
Cupid,
who was held by
This seems
to be the
same as
Epws, or
the Greek mythologists to be the prime
—'See
Hesiod's Theogony, v. 120, and upon it. 4 This union was symbolized among the heathen, and particularly by the Phoenicians, by an egg enfolded by a serpent, which disjunctively represented the Chaos and the cause of all Wolff's note
tilings.
./Ether
when united the hermaphroditic
;
but,
of the universe,
i.e.
Cupid, or Pothos.
first
principle
cory's ancient fragments.
3
of heaven, and they were formed similar to the shape of an egg. And Mot shone out with the sun, and the moon, and
Tsophe hashshamayim],
i.e.,
observers
.
the less and the greater stars. bius), " is their
But
ism.
let
us
He
the air began to send forth
clouds,
how he
continuation
see in
influence on the sea
and
SueA (adds Euse-
Cosmogony, directly bringing in Athe-
origin of the animal creation.
when
"
and
earth,
states the
says then, light,
by
'
And
its fiery
winds were produced,
and very great defluxions and outpour-
ings of the heavenly waters.
And
after that these
things were divided and separated from their proper
by the heat of the sun, and then all met again in the air, and dashed together, whence thunders and lightnings were formed and at the crash of those thunders the above-named intelligent animals were awakened and frightened with the sound and then male and female moved on the earth and in the sea. place
;
;
This (says Eusebius)
is
their generation
of animals.
After this our author (Sanchoniathon)/r0<:m& to say, These things are written in the Cosmogony of Taautus (Thoth), 1 and in his memoirs, and from the '
Thoth was an Egyptian deity of the second order, whose attributes are not well known. The Graeco-Roman mythology identified him with Hermes, or Mercury. His sign is the Ibis, and he is the most important, according to Bunsen, of all the Cabiri. He was reputed to be the inven1
tor of writing, the patron deity of learning, the scribe of the
gods, in which capacity he
is
represented signing the sen-
tences on the souls of the dead.
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
4
mind saw and
conjectures and evidences which his
found
and wherewith he hath enlightened
out,
names of he makes this
Afterwards (says Eusebius) declaring the winds, Notus, Boreas
epilogue
:
But these
'
and
first
the rest,
men
us.
the
consecrated the pro-
them gods, and
ductions of the earth, and judged
worshipped those things upon which they themselves lived,
and
all
their posterity
and
all
before
them
:
to
made
libations (or drink-offerings), and Then he proceeds, 'These were the devices of worship suited to the weakness and want of boldness of their minds (or narrowness of their souls).
these they
sacrifices.'
—
Euseb. Prcep. Evan.,
lib.
i.
cap. 10.
Then he says, Of the wind Kolpia 1 and of his '
Baau, which mortal men,
Aeon
is
wife,
interpreted Night, were begotten two
Aeon 3 and Protogonus
so called, and
Those begotten Genos and Genea, and inhafrom these were called bited Phoenicia, and when great droughts came (upon discovered food from trees.
Hebrew TV n S Tip, Kol-pi-YAH, mouth of Yah, or Jehovah. 1
i.e.,
the voice of the
Orelli, the latest editor of these fragments, thinks we should read Baaut, and that the r has been omitted by Baaut, he thinks, might be the error of the copyists. 2
Phoenician word for night, since in Chaldee
means
to
pass
the night, as in
Dan.
vi. 19. (v.
JTG (BOOTH), 18 Eng. Ver.)
Heb. TXT} (khavah) is taken by Orelli for Eve. and Protogonus (first-born) for Adam while GENOS he supposes to be Cain, and Genea his wife. 3
Aeon
;
;
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
5
the land) they stretched forth their
hands
towards the Sun, for
they supposed to
this (he says),
to heaven,
be the only God, the Lord of Heaven, calling him Beelsamin, which name among the Phoenicians nifies
sig-
Lord of Heaven, but among the Greeks
is
equivalent to Zeus, or Jupiter.
After these things he charges the Greeks with error, saying, For we (the Phoenicians), not vainly, have '
frequently distinguished those names, but with re-
spect to the later signification of
them from
later
names accruing
to
things, the Greeks, not knowing,
have construed otherwise, being led astray by the ambiguity of their '
By Genos
1
signification.
the son of
Then he
proceeds,
Aeon and Protogonos were
again begotten mortal children, whose names were Phos, Pur, and Phlox
(i.e.
Light, Fire, and Flame).
These found out the method of generating fire by rubbing together pieces of wood, and taught men the
These begat sons of vast bulk fire). whose names were given to the mountains which they occupied. Thus, from them were called Mount Cassius, and Libanus, and Antilibanus, use of
and
it
(i.e.,
height,
and Brathu. 2 1
i.e.,
'
Of these men,
Cain, as Orelli supposes.
he says, were begotten His reading
is,
"
From
the race of Aeon," &c.
he has sought in vain for this mountain in the but thinks it may have been the name of some mountain in Syria, or Arabia Deserta, where was a city mentioned by Ptolemy under the name of Berathena. 2
Orelli says
ancient geographers
;
cory's » ancient fragments.
6
(through intercourse), with their mothers,
Memrumus
and Hypsuranius; 1 the women of those times without
shame having
any man they might
intercourse with
chartce to meet.
2
Then, says
he,
Hypsuranius dwelt
Tyre, and he invented huts constructed of reeds
in
and rushes, and (fotmd out the use of) papyrus. And he fell into enmity with his brother Usous, who first
invented a covering for the body, of the skins of
the wild beasts which he could catch. 3 violent tempests of winds
and
And, when
rains came, the
boughs
Tyre being rubbed against each other And Usous took fire, and burnt the wood there. having taken a tree, and lopped off its boughs, was the first man who dared to venture upon it on the of the trees in
1
These two names Bochart takes
of one person.
roumous says
be from iTO^nftft,
to
Orelli,
"
to
be the designation
Scaliger agrees with him,
the word
c
Yif/ovpavios,
Mem-
taking
MIMMEROMIM
;
whence,
Hypsoranius,
is
only
the Greek rendering of these two Phoenician words." 2
"
Who
does not recognise," says Orelli in his note on " in these words the Mosaic tradition about
this passage,
the Nephilim (or giants), begotten from the intercourse of the sons of
Genesis 3
vi.
God
with the
of
men
?
"
— See
I, 2.
Scaliger supposed here
Esau.
daughters
Orelli,
some
reference to the hairy
following Bishop Cumberland, thinks that
such a reference is quite inadmissible, and that we should rather understand some antediluvian descendant of Cain, named Uz, who gave his name to a part of Syria. See Genesis x. 23.
—
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS. sea.
And
Fire and
he consecrated two
Wind
1
7
or
stelae,
pillars,
to
and he worshipped them, and
j
poured out to them 2 the blood of those wild beasts
he had taken
in the chase.
And when
all
these
men
were dead, those that remained consecrated to them staves of wood, and worshipped
stelae,
or pillars, and
them every year. And in times long after these, were born of the race of Hypsuranius, 3 Agreus and Halieus {i.e. Hunter and Fisherman), the inventors of the arts of hunting and 4 fishing, from whom hunters and fishermen are named. Of these were begotten two brothers, the inventors One of these, of iron and the manifold uses of it. called Chrysor (whom he says is Vulcan), exercised celebrated feasts in honour of
1
The atmosphere and
winds,
we
are told
by
Julius
Firmicus, received divine honours from the Assyrians and
people on the shores of Africa, while fire was equally in all the colonies of the Phoenicians, especially in the temple of the Tyrian Hercules at Cadiz (Gades), to extinguish the perpetual fire in which was punished with See Creuzer's Symbolik and Miinter, Religion der death.
venerated
—
Karthager, 49, 61. 2
i.e.,
the
pillars, as
of wind and 3
Orelli's note, in
loc.
representing the mysterious agency
fire.
i.e.,
'Elion, or the
On
this
Most High.
passage Orelli says " These are Greek renderIn Hebrew it would read ings of Syrophcenician names. thus: 'And 'Elion begat Said and Sidon, whence the 4
:
Sidones and Sidonians are named means both to hunt and to fisli"
;
'
for
Tft (Tsood)
cory's ancient fragments.
8
himself in words and charms, and divinations
he invented the hook,
and
bait,
coracles, or light fishing boats
of
men who
sailed
his
Diamichius,
who applied
(i.e.,
death as 1
and he was the sails to the
and
and first
pro-
Wherefore men worshipped him
pelling of ships). after
;
;
fishing-line,
a God,
and they
the great inventor;
i.e.,
called
him
and some say
making of walls with bricks. After these things, of his race were born two young men, one of whom was called Technites, i.e., the his brothers invented the
Artist
;
the other, Geinos Autochthon, 2
born, or generated
how
found out
and
to
from the earth
mix stubble with the made in the sun
By
others, of
whom
This, as
deification.
brick-earth,
seem
to
To
Chrysor,
have attributed
says all
:
they were
these were begotten
one was called Agrus
Cumberland remarks,
earth-
These men
itself.
to dry the bricks so
also the inventors of tiling.
1
i.e.
is
the
Orelli,
"
(Field), the
first
instance of
the
Phoenicians
those arts which the Greeks
and Apollo. Cumberland supposed, from the Hebrew "^pH (kharats), which has the meaning of sharpening, cutting, etc. In Assyrian it means gold. referred to the three gods, Vulcan, Mercury,
Chrysor
may
be, as
As Adam may have been designated before by the name of Protogonus, so here, under the name of Geinos Autochthon, Orelli supposes to be meant the first man who settled down and lived in a house constructed of sun-dried 2
bricks, in contrast with the built of rushes
and
reeds.
nomades and dwellers
in huts
:
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
9
other Agroueros, or Agrotes 1 (Husbandman),
who
had a wooden statue that was much venerated, and a shrine (or portable temple), 2 drawn about in Phoenicia
he
is
by yokes of oxen. And in books (or, at Byblus), called distinctly The greatest of the Gods. These
added
to the houses courts,
Husbandmen, and such from these
their origin
;
and
porticos,
and
crypts.
as hunt with dogs, derive
they are called also Aletae,
From these were descended Amynus and Magus, who taught men to construct villages and tend flocks. By these men were begotten Misor and Titans.
and Sydyk,
that
is,
Wellfreed and Just: and they
found out the use of
who
Taautus,
From Misor 3 descended
salt.
invented the writing of the
first letters
the Egyptians called him Thoor, the Alexandrians
1
Philo
is
here quite in error, says Scaliger, for instead of
SADEH, a field, he should have read Shaddai, *"W> Almighty. Philo, or rather Sanchoniathon, is speaking of gods like Pan, Pales, or Sylvanus, agricultural and pastoral deities but he confounds one of them with the greatest god of the people of Byblos, the Shaddai of the TTlp,
;
Jews.
—
2
Like the ark of the covenant among the Jews. See vi. Amos v. 26 and 3, and compare with Acts vii. 43.
2
Samuel
3
Misor, no doubt, indicates the establisher of Govern-
ment the
in
Egypt, for Mitzraim
Hebrew dual number
country) Scriptures
is ;
the usual still
called
word
MlSR
(in
for
for
which name we recognise the Upper and Lower
Egypt
in Arabic.
in
the
Hebrew
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
IO
Thoyth, and the Greeks Hermes.
But from Sydyk 1
descended the Dioscuri or Cabiri, or Corybantes, or Samothracian a ship.
deities.
From
These
(he says), first invented
these descended others
who were
the
discoverers of medicinal herbs, and of the cure of poisons,
Contemporary with these
and of charms. 2
was one Elioun, called Hypsistus (i.e. the most high) and his wife named Beruth, 3 and they dwelt about By these was begotten Byblus [the Hebrew Gebal]. ;
whom they afterwards called
Epigeus, or Autochthon,
Ouranos
(i.e.
Heaven)
so that from
;
him
that ele-
ment which is over us, by reason of its excellent And he had a sister of beauty, is named heaven. the same parents, and she was called Ge (i.e., Earth), and by reason of her beauty the earth was called by the same name. The father of these, Hypsistus, [or
1
one.
ELIOUN],
having been killed through an en-
Hebrew p^% (Tsadik), means the righteous thinks by this name is designated not any
Sydyk.
Wagner
man, but the
institution of
law and
civil
government.
2
El 'Elyon is the title given to the god of Melchizedek, King of Salem, who is called priest of El 'Elyon, which our version renders priest of the Most High God. 3
Perhaps Berith, which
in
Hebrew
signifies
a covenant
or engagement, whence a Phoenician deity was called Baal-
Zeus Orkios of the Greeks, and the Deus This legend of El 'Elyon and Berith (covenant), seems to me an obscure allusion to what Berith, like the
Fidius of the Romans. is
related in Genesis xiv. 18
—
24.
CORY
S
ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
counter with wild beasts, was consecrated
and
his children offered libations
and
I I
deified],
[i.e.
sacrifices to
But Ouranos succeeding to the kingdom of
him.
contracted marriage with his sister
his father,
Ge
and had by her four sons, Ilus who is called Kronus, 1 and Betylus, and Dagon, which sigBut, by other wives, nifies Siton (corn), and Atlas. which had much at Ge being vexed Ouranos issue (the Earth),
'
;
and
jealous, reproached Ouranos, so that they parted
But Ouranos, though separated
from each other.
from
her,
with her,
still by force came, and had intercourse whenever he pleased, and then went home
when he
But,
again.
children he
avenged
had by
herself,
her,
Ge
advice and assistance of secretary,
his
kill
the
also often defended, or
gathering unto her auxiliary powers.
But when Kronus came
was
attempted to
also
to
man's
Hermes
estate,
by the
Trismegistus, 2
who
he opposed his father Ouranos,
avenging his mother.
And Kronus had
children,
Persephone, 3 and Athena [Minerva]; the former died
by the advice of Athene and Hermes Mercury] Kronus made of iron a scimitar, and
a virgin [i.e.
a spear. allies
of
;
but,
Then Hermes
[or Thoth^\ addressing the
Kronus with magic words, wrought
1
Kronus answers
2
Or, Thoth,
3
Proserpine.
i.e.,
to the Saturn of the
Romans.
the thrice great Hermes.
in
them
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
12
a keen desire to fight against Ouranos 1 in behalf of
And
Ge. tle,
thus Kronus, overcoming Ouranos in bat-
drove him from his kingdom, and succeeded him
in the
In the battle was taken a
imperial power.
who was
well-beloved concubine of Ouranos,
preg2
Kronus gave her in marriage to Dagon, and she was delivered, and called the child Demaroon. After these events Kronus builds a wall round about his habitation, and founds Byblus, 3 the first city in nant
;
Afterwards Kronus, suspecting his own
Phoenicia.
Hermes
brother Atlas, by the advice of
threw him into a deep cavern him.
having
At
in the earth,
some
built
light,
and other more complete,
and being out over against Mount
Cassius, there consecrated a temple.
i.e.,
2
and buried
this time the descendants of the Dioscuri,
ships, put to sea,
1
[or Thoth],
•
But the
auxili-
Heaven.
Dagon
is
represented in
Samuel
I
v. 4,
as an idol of
but in Genesis xxvii. 28, nearly the same word means com the one being Dagon, the Philistines, with
the other dagan 3
Byblus, the
most ancient for the
tail
;
—
[p*T].
modern
Jebail, is here represented as the It was celebrated Adonis who, in the have been slain in an
city of the Canaanites.
worship of
same manner
fish's
Tammuz,
as Elioun,
is
or
said to
;
encounter with wild beasts. The mysterious rites of this worship even infected the Jews. (See Ezekiel viii. 14.) Byblus was famous for its celebration of the mysteries of Adonis, which even passed to Athens.
3
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS. (who
aries of Ilus, (as
it
called
were) after
1
Kronus), were called Elohim, 1
is
Kronus Kronus [IL or EL]. the allies of
they were so
;
And
Kronus,
having a son called Sadidus, dispatched him with his
own
sword, because he held him in suspicion
own hand deprived
with his in like
manner he
daughter, so that
being
in
cut off the
Kronus by
sent
;
at the
daughter Astarte, to cut off
but Kronus took the damsels,
own sisters. Ouranos sent Eimarmene and Hora, to make war against him but
and married them, being understanding
his
Rhea and Dione,
sisters,
deceit
own
his
amazed
and
And
But, in process of time, Ouranos,
banishment,
with two other
;
life.
head of
the gods were
all
mind of Kronus.
his son of
this,
with other auxiliaries,
his
:
Kronus gained the affections of these also, and kept them with himself. Moreover, the god Ouranos devised Baetulia, contriving stones that
having
life.
2
And
to
moved
as
Kronus was born by Astarte
=
1
Elohim is the plural of Eloah god. This plural, (which some regard as a pluralis excellentiae), is the word constantly used in the Hebrew Scriptures for God. Some, on the other hand, have hence inferred the original polytheism of the Jews. 2
Baetulia.
stones,
Instead
of
XlQovs
as Philo has rendered
Orelli, believe that
it,
efjLxf/vxovs,
we may,
i.e.,
I
animated
think,
Sanchoniathon had written D^StBS
with
O^IN
(AVANIM NESHAPHIM), anointed stones, from the root Fpttf (SIIOOPH), used in Syriac (2 Samuel xii. 20, and xiv. 2) in
cory's ancient fragments.
14
seven daughters, called Titanides, or Artemides again to him were born by
whom was
youngest of
Rhea seven
;
and
sons, the
consecrated from his birth
;
by Dione he had daughters, and by Astarte again two sons, Pothos, [or Desire], and Eros [or
also
And Dagon
Cupid].
after
he had found out bread-
corn and the plough, was called Jupiter Arotrius the plougher).
To
Sydyk, called the
Just,
by
Titanides, [or daughters of Titan
one of the
Astarte], bare
Asclepius (Aisculapius, god of medicine. ) also, three
(i.e.,
To K ronus,
sons were born in Persea, (a district of
Syria east of the river Jordan,) viz., K ronus, of the same name with his father, Jupiter-Belus and Apollo. the sense of anointing.
Philo,
by transposing the
letters
Q and y$, has completely altered the meaning of the author he undertakes to translate, and rendered him ridiculous. By this transposition the stones which Jacob set up at Bethel for a pillow, and which subsequently, when anointed, he consecrated to God (as we read, Genesis xxviii. 1 8), have become in Philo's translation animated
Such
instead of anointed stones.
of a spherical
form,
stones, called
Baitylia,
were consecrated, we are told by
Nicolaus of Damascus, to various gods.
We
are,
however,
to understand in this passage of Sanchoniathon, according to Orelli, either aerolites, or
stones which,
by a
more probably,
superstitious notion
as he thinks,
of the ancients,
were supposed to contain some divine or spiritual essence, such as the Pessinuntian stone sent by Attalus, King of Phrygia, to the Romans, in which Cybele, " the mother of the
gods,"
Roman advers.
was believed
to
Book xxix. Gentes, Book vii. chap. History,
lie
u 46.
See Livy's and Arnobius,
concealed.
and
xiv.,
5:
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
1
Contemporary with these were Pontus and Typhon
;
From Pontus
and Nereus, the father of Pontus.
descended Sidon, who by the excellence of her singing
first
invented the
hymns But
Poseidon [i.e. Neptune].
who
Melicarthus,
is
of odes or praises to
;
and
Demaroon was born
also called Heracles [Hercules].
Afterwards Ouranos again makes war against Pontus, but parting from him attaches himself to Demaroon.
Demaroon
attacks Pontus
;
but Pontus puts him to
and Demaroon vows a
flight,
sacrifice for his escape.
In the thirty-second year of his power and reign, Ilus,
who
Kronus, having
is
his father
Ouranos
an ambuscade for
laid
in a certain place in the
of the earth, and having gotten
him
middle
into his hands,
Cuts off his private parts near fountains
and
rivers.
1
There Ouranos was consecrated, and his spirit was separated, and the blood of his private parts dropped and into the fountains and the waters of the rivers ;
the place
is
shewn even
to this day.
Then our author,
after mentioning some other matters, proceeds thtcs 1
But Astarte, called the greatest, and Demaroon en-
titled
Zeus, (Jupiter), and
Adodus named
of the gods," reigned over the country
And
of Kronus.
1
2
i.e.,
the u king
by the consent
Astarte put upon her head, 2 as a
deified.
Whence
(Gen. xiv. 5) tzvo horns, or,
in
Bashan a
city sacred to Astarte
Ashteroth-Karnaim the crescent moon.
;
i.e.,
was
called
Astarte with the
6
cory's ancient fragments.
1
mark of sovereignty, a was travelling about the star falling
through the
head
bull's
;
and when she
habitable world, she found a
which she took up and
air,
consecrated in the holy island of Tyre Phoenicians say that Astarte
And Kronus
also
and the
Aphrodite [or Venus].
going about the habitable world,
gave
to his daughter
dom
of Attica
:
is
1 j
Athena
[or Minerva], the king-
and when a plague and mortality
happened, Kronus offered up his only son as a fice
1
to his father Ouranos,
Tyre was regarded
sacri-
and circumcised himself,
In support of this
as a holy city.
we have
the testimony of Arrian,
who
dition of
Alexander the Great
There was
"
:
says, in his
Expe-
in that city
(Tyre), a temple dedicated to Hercules (Melkarth), the
ancient of
all
those recorded in history.
This
is
most
not the
Grecian Hercules, for he was the son of Alcmena. But was worshipped at Tyre many ages before Cadmus sailed from Phoenicia and seized
this Hercules, (Baal or Melkarth),
Thebes (in Bceotia), and long before Semele was born to Cadmus. Nevertheless, the Hercules worshipped by the Iberians (Spaniards), at Tartessus, who gave the name to the pillars of Hercules (the Straits of Gibraltar),
same
is,
in
my
For Tartessus was built by the Phoenicians, and a temple was reared there, and sacrifices performed to Hercules after the opinion,
the
with
the
Tyrian.
manner." Again, in Book chap. 24, They who had fled to the temple of Hercules (being some of the chief nobility of Tyre, besides King Azelmicus, and some Carthaginian priests, who, accordPhoenician
ii.,
"
ing to ancient custom, were sent to to offer sacrifices to Hercules)
pardon."
had the
their
mother-city
benefit of a free
—
CORY
and compelled
S
ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
his allies to
I
do the same
1 i
7
and not
long afterwards he consecrated after his death another son,
named Muth, 2 whom he had by Rhea. 3
Phoenicians call
him Death and
Pluto.
things Kronus, gives the city of Byblus Gebal~\, to the
Dione
5 ;
goddess
Baaltis,
4
who
The
After these
is
[Hebrew
also called
6
and Berytus he gave to Poseidon [or Nep-
What relation Kronus or Saturn may really bear to Abraham it is difficult to say but there are certain points 1
;
of resemblance which are quite unmistakable.
and Abraham both
up a son in moment by a
offer
only saved at the last 2nd, both circumcise themselves dependents to do the same. 2
The god
or genius of
in this sense,
See also
Death
occurs in Psalm
;
;
1st,
Kronus
sacrifice, (Isaac
being
special intervention);
3rd,
both compel their
Pluto.
i.e.,
xlviii.
15.
fDft,
MUTH,
Eng. Vers.
14.
Ps. xlix. 14.
A daughter of Ouranos and Ge, or heaven and earth, and wife of Kronus or Saturn. 4 In Hebrew this would be J"W3. (BAALATH), the wife, viz., of Baal. She was hence, according to Hesychius, either Juno or Venus. She was worshipped in Carthage as Queen of Heaven, as also by the idolatrous Jews. See Jeremiah vii. 18 and xliv. 17. 5 Dione is also a daughter of Ouranos and Ge, or In classical mythology she is repreheaven and' earth. sented as beloved by Jupiter, to whom she bore Venus. Homer represents Dione as receiving her wounded daughter with caresses and consolations, and threatening 3
Diomede with a wretched 6
future.
Berytus, once a famous seat of law and, learning,
the seaport for Damascus.
It is
now
called Beyroot.
now
8
cory's ancient fragments.
1
tune],
men
and the
Cabiri,
1
husbandmen and
the
fisher-
2
and they consecrated the remains of Pontus at But before these things the god Taautus, Berytus. :
having represented
Ouranos, made types
of the
countenances of the gods Kronus and Dagon, and
He
the sacred characters of the other elements.
contrived also for Kronus
the ensign of his royal
power, having four eyes in the parts before and in the parts behind, two of
them
closing as in sleep
and upon the shoulders four wings, two flying,
and two reposing as
Kronus
was, that
And the symbol was watching, and And in like manner
at rest.
respect to his wings,
he was
flying,
in the act of
whilst he slept
reposed whilst he was awake. with
;
that
whilst
he
yet rested whilst he flew.
rested
But to
the other gods there were two wings only to each
upon
his shoulders, to intimate that they flew
the control of Kronus his head, the
one
;
he had also two wings upon
for the
most governing
mind, and one for the sense. 1
The
under
part, the
And Kronus coming
Great Gods, eight in number, were who were especially venerated at Lemnos, and at Samothrace. The worship of the Cabiri extended to all the western parts of the ancient world. Hence, we read of Boeotian, Egyptian, Macedonian, Etruscan, and Pelasgian Cabiri. They were especially invoked by sailors, and eventually confounded with the Dioscuri, i.e., Castor and Pollux. Cabiri, or
mysterious
2
The
first
deities,
instance on record of the consecration of
Bp. Cumberland, in
loc.
relics.
9 ~
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS. into the country of the south,
gave
all
1
Egypt
to the
god Taautus [or Thoth], that it might be his kingdom. " These things," says Sanchoniathon, " the Cabiri, the seven sons of Sydyk, and their eighth brother Asclepius, [or Esmun, i.e., the eighth], first of all set
down in memoirs, as the god Taautus [Thoth] commanded them. All these things the son of Thabion, the first hierophant of all among the Phoenicians,
1
and mixed up with the occurrences and passions of nature and the world, and delivered to allegorized,
the priests and prophets, the superintendents of the
mysteries
:
and
they, perceiving the rage for these
allegories increase, delivered
and
to foreigners
ventor of the three is
of
whom
letters,
to their successors,
one was
Isiris,
2
the in-
the brother of Chna, 3
who
called the first Phoenician."
To
the last fragment, being of a very remarkable
character, "
:
them
we append Jacob
Bryant's Dissertation :—
After having shewn that this
is
the only sacrifice
By the son of Thabion both Cumberland and Wagner understand Sanchoniathon himself; but Orelli, with more 1
probability, thinks
that Jerombaal or Jerubaal, priest of
meant. Whether the same as Gideon, who is also called Jerubaal (Judges vi. 32) cannot be decided. 2 By the name Isiris Cumberland thinks Misor, or Mizraim, the brother of Taut, or Thoth, is meant. 3 i.e., Canaan, the native name for Phoenicia, as we find on the Phoenician coins of Laodicea ad Libanum. See my
the god Iao,
is
—
Language and Inscriptions," in the Supplement (Arts and Sciences) to the English Cyclo. 1 874.
article
" Phoenician
—
;
cory's ancient fragments.
20
among
the ancients, which
termed mystical ; and
is
that Kronus, the personage
who
chief deity of the Phoenicians
;
offers
was the
it
and moreover, that
it
could not relate to any previous transaction, he concludes thus "
The
:
mystical
of the Phoenicians had
sacrifice
was
these requisites, that a prince
was
his only son
shewn let
be the victim
to
to offer it :
said
is
I
and have
any thing prior
that this could not relate to
us consider what
and as
;
upon the
subject, as
For if the was a type of another to
future, and attend to the consequence. sacrifice of the Phoenicians
come, the nature of
this last will
representation by which
ing to
this,
it
was
Accord-
whose
associates
process of time to have
in
a son, aya7T7)Tov, well-beloved :
prefigured.
El, the supreme deity,
were the Elohim, was begotten
be known from the
who was
some render
it,
to
:
fiovoyevr),
be conceived
of grace
(of avcofiper), as
my
but according to
:
his only
inter-
He was to be fountain of light. called Jeoud [or TiT\ i.e., only] whatever that name
pretation, of the
may
relate to
;
and
his father \vrpov,
to
be
by way of
tion, TLpajpoLs Soufjioo-L, to
and avert
same able
;
to
offered tip as
a
satisfaction,
sacrifice to
and redemp-
atone for the sins of others,
the just vengeance
of God
;
avri ttjs iravraiv
prevent universal corruption, and at the
time, general ruin.
he was to
the emblems
of
make
And
it is
farther remark-
the grand sacrifice invested with
royalty."
Bryant thinks
it
must be
— CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS. allowed to be
"
a type of something to
21
come
;"
pre-
he supposes, the offering of Christ upon
figuring, as
Calvary.
From Porphyry.
whom
Taaut, flourished for his
among
when he
the Phoenicians with great fame
wisdom, arranged
scientific
gion,
the Egyptians call Thoth,
in elegant order,
and
manner, those things which belong to
and the worship of the gods,
first
in
a
reli-
vindicated
from the ignorance of the lower classes and the
To whom, when
heads of the people.
who
mubelus, and Thuro,
name was
the
god Sur-
afterwards by a change of
called Chrusarthes, succeeded, after a long
interval of ages, they illustrated his secret theology,
which had hitherto been involved allegory.
A
shades of
Sanchoniathon proceeds
after,
little
in the
thus
Of the Mystical
Sacrifice of the Phoenicians.
among
"It was the custom
the ancients, in times of
great calamity, in order to prevent the ruin of
all,
for
the rulers of the city or nation to sacrifice to the
avenging
deities the
most beloved of
as the price of redemption for this
they
who were devoted
purpose were offered mystically. For Kronus
or (Saturn),
who
:
their children,
whom
the Phoenicians call Israel, 1 and
after his death
was 1
deified,
Queere,
II
?
and instated
in the
—
;
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
22
planet which bears his name,
call
still
had
country, called Anobret, an only
on that account
Phoenicians
king, 1
by a nymph of the son, who,
when he was
styled Ieoud
is
an only son
:
2
for,
;
so the
and when great
danger from war beset the land, he adorned the altar,
and invested
royalty,
and
Evang.
lib.
son with the emblems of
this
sacrificed him.
From
Eusebius Prcep.
cap. x.
i,
From
Philo-Byblius, or Porphyry, (// is uncertain),
But,
Wagner and others, this Fragment most probably, from PorpJiyry.
according
to
is,
ON THE SERPENT. Taautus
first
consecrated the basilisk, and intro-
duced the worship of the serpent-tribe
in
;
which he
was followed by and Egyptians. For this animal was held by him to be the most inspirited of all the reptiles, and of a fiery nature the
inasmuch as ving by
its
it
Phoenicians
exhibits an incredible
spirit
celerity,
without either hands, or
mo-
feet,
or
any of those external organs, by which other animals effect their motion.
1
By
i.e.,
And
in its
progress
it
assumes
Conceiving by favour, as interpreted by Bochart.
name he
this
thinks Sarah, the wife of
Abraham,
is
intended.
*VTV
Hebrew
Yakhid,
only-begotten,
text of Gen. xxii.
2.
or
only son.
See the
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS. a variety of forms, moving
in
what degree of swiftness
pleases.
long-lived,
it
23
a spiral course, and at
And
it is
and has the quality not only of putting and assuming a second youth but
off its old age, it
;
And when
receives a greater increase.
filled
sumes
very
the appointed measure of itself,
its
as Taautus has laid
books, wherefore this animal
is
it
existence,
down
has it
ful-
con-
in the sacred
introduced in the
sacred rites and mysteries. —.-Euseb. Prcep, Evang,
Bk.
i.,
chap. 10.
End of the Fragments
of Sanchoniathon.
THE FRAGMENTS
THE TYR1A.N ANNALS FROM
DIUS AND MENANDER.
THE TYRIAN ANNALS.
From n
Upon
the death of
Abibalus
[Hiram] succeeded
to the
eastern parts of the
city,
to
his
kingdom.
and enlarged
son Hiromus
He it
;
raised the
and joined
1
the temple of Jupiter Olympius, which stood
it
before upon an island, by
space
gold
Dius.
up the intermediate
and he adorned that temple with donations of
:
and he went up
:
filling
into
Libanus [Lebanon], to
cut timber for the construction of the temples. it is
mas
to
return,
1
To
And
said that Solomon, king of Jerusalem, sent enig-
Hiromus [Hiram], and desired others in with a proposal that whichsoever of the two
Or Melkarth,
i.e.,
King of
the City, the Baal of Tyre.
and richly adorned temple was erected, which was renowned throughout the world. Annual gifts were sent thither from Carthage and the most distant Phoenician colonies. During my residence at this
deity a very ancient
Safed, in Galilee, in 1855, a great treasure of Tyrian coins
was discovered, some of the finest of which I purchased. On one side was seen, beautifully executed, the head of the Tyrian Baal on the other an eagle (the symbol of the Syro-Macedonian dynasty, which at that time governed Tyre), with the inscription in Greek, which being translated reads, " Of Tyre a holy city and asylum." ;
—
—
28
cory's ancient fragments.
was unable
to solve them, should forfeit
the other.
Hiromus [Hiram], agreed
posal, but
was unable
a large sum as a
And
it
is
to
to the pro-
to solve the enigmas,
forfeit.
money
and paid
said that one
Abdemonus, a Tyrian, solved the enigmas, and proposed others which Solomon was not able to unriddle, for which he repaid the fine to Hiromus [Hiram]." yoseph. contr. Ap. lib. c. 17. Syncel. Chron. 182. i.
End of the Fragment from Dms.
From Menander. "After
Hiromus [Hiram] kingdom, and reigned
the death of Abibalus,
him
his son succeeded
in his
having lived
thirty-four years,
out that part of the city which
fifty-three.
is
called
temple of Jupiter.
And
laid
Eurychoron
and consecrated the golden column which 2
He is
'}
in the
he went up into the forest
1 Literally, the broad dance. It designates, no doubt, an open space, as a square or promenade.
2
Jupiter Belus, or Olympius
some
writers he
is
;
i.e.,
the Tyrian Baal.
By
From
this
called the Tyrian Hercules.
deity the two mountains on the Strait of Gibraltar are
—
Abyla on the one side and Calpe on the other for, so far the Tyrian Hercules (or Baal) is said to have carried his conquests; in other words, so far did Phoenician commerce, at a very early period, extend. called the Pillars of Hercules
—
— CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS. on the mountain
called
2Q
Libanus [Lebanon], to
cedars for the roofs of the temples
fell
and having de-
:
molished the ancient temples, he rebuilt them, and consecrated the fanes [or temples] of Hercules Baal] and Astarte
[i.e.,
he constructed that of Hercules
:
month Peritius [i.e., February] then that of Astarte, when he had overcome the Tityans who had refused to pay their tribute and when he had reduced them he returned. In his time was a certain young man named Abdemonus, who used to solve the problems which were propounded to him by Solomon, king of Jerusalem." From yosephzcs contra Apion, lib. cap. 18 and yosephus Antiq. in the
first,
;
:
i.
Jud.
lib. viii.
cap.
Of the "
Upon
;
5.
Successors of Hiram.
Hiromus [Hiram], Baleazarus kingdom he lived fortyand reigned seven. After him, Abdas-
the death of
his son, succeeded to the
three years, tratus
;
[Abd-Astarte], his son, reigned nine years,
having lived twenty-nine.
Against him the four sons
of his nurse conspired and slew him. eldest reigned twelve years.
Of
these, the
After them Astartus,
the son of Delaeastartus, reigned twelve years, having lived fifty-four.
After him his brother Aserumus,
reigned nine years, having lived slain
by
his brother Pheles,
fifty-four.
who governed
He
was
the king-
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
30
dom
eight months, having lived
murdered by a
who
He
having lived sixty-
was succeeded by his son, Badezorus,
reigned six years, having lived forty-five.
years,
having lived thirty-two.
Phygmalion,
who
lived fifty-six.
reigned nine
He was
succeeded by
Aftion,
Of the
in
lib.
i.
reigned forty-seven years, having
In the seventh year of his reign, his
sister [Dido), fled
Carthage
His
who
successor was Matgenus, his son,
"
He was
priest of Astarte, Ithobalus [Ethbaal],
reigned thirty-two years,
eight.
who
fifty years.
from him, and founded the city of
Libya
(b.c.
878).
—From Josephus contra
cap. 18,
Invasion of Salmanasar (or Shalmaneser.) 1
Elul^us reigned
thirty-six years
:
and he
fitted
out a fleet against the Kittaeans (Chittim or Cypriots)
who had
revolted,
and reduced, them
to obedience.
But Salmanasar, the king of the Assyrians^ sent them assistance,
and overran Phoenicia
made peace with
1
:
and when he had
the Phoenicians he returned with
all
Called LULIA, in the cuneiform inscription of Senna-
cherib (Taylor cylinder line 35). This interesting historical document has been translated into English, and will be
found at
p. 35
of vol.
i.
of " Records of the Past."
Norris,
— cory's ancient fragments.
And
his forces.
and many other
31
1 Sidon, and Ake, and Palsetyrus, 2
cities
revolted from the Tyrians, and
put themselves under the protection of the king of
But as the Tyrians
Assyria.
the king
still
made another expedition
the Phoenicians furnished
eighty gallies
refused to submit,
him with
them
:
and
sixty ships
and
against
and the Tyrians attacked him with
:
twelve ships, and dispersed the hostile prisoners to the
amount of
fleet,
and took
hundred men
five
which account the Tyrians were held
:
upon
in great res-
But the king of Assyria stationed guards
pect.
upon the
river
and
at the aqueducts, to prevent the
Tyrians from drawing water five years,
during
all
:
and
this
which time they were obliged to
drink from wells which they dug."
Joseph, Antiq.
Jud.
lib. ix. c. 14.
in his
Assyrian Dictionary {sub voce LULI,
name Luliah at line
1
continued
p. 670),
3 of the
Nebbi-Yunas
inscription
says the
18, and which records the
occurs also in the Bellino cylinder,
i.
campaigns of Esarhaddon. I do not find the name in either. In the Bellino no mention of Sidon at all, while in the Nebbi-Yunas the King is called Abdi-Milkutti. Josephus (Antiq. ix. 14) calls him Elulaeus, King of Tyre. Acco, now St. Jean dAcre the Ptolemais of the Testament. It occurs in Judges i. 31 Micah i. 10 (Heb. text), and 1 Maccab. v. 22. 1
:
New 2
i.e.,
;
Old Tyre.
—
corys ancient fragments.
32
Of the Kings and Judges from Nebuchadnezzar to Cyrus. In the reign of Ithobalus
[or,
Ethbaal *], Nabuchod-
onosorus [Nebuchadnezzar] beseiged Tyre for teen years.
After him
2
After him reigned
two months
months
Baal ten years.
Judges [or Suffetes], were appointed
judged the people
:
who
Ecnibalus, the son of Balsachus,
Chelbes,
:
thir-
the
son
of Abdaeus,
ten
Abbarus, the high-priest, three months
:
:
Mytgonus and Gerastratus the son of Abdelemus, six years
:
after
them Balatorus reigned one
year.
After his death they sent to fetch Merbalus from
Babylon
;
and he reigned four years
:
and when he
died they sent for Hiromus [Hiram], his brother,
who
reigned twenty years.
king of
Persia."'
In his time Cyrus was
Joseph, contr. Ap.
lib.
i.
cap. 21.
Ethbaal seems to have been a common Phoenician The first Tyrian king of this name gave his name. daughter Jezebel, (whence our name Isabella), to wife to The sovereign here mentioned Ahab, King of Israel. transferred the seat of government to Tyre on the island, which, in the time of Alexander the Great, was joined to Old Tyre on the mainland. 1
2
city
Menander does not say was taken.
We
that at the end of the time the
learn this, however, from other sources,
although some, from the silence of Menander, have inferred that Nebuchadnezzar raised the siege and departed without capturing Tyre.
End of
the
Fragments from Menander.
THE PERIPLUS
HANKO
The
Periplus of
Hanno the Carthaginian
is
an
account of the earliest voyage of discovery in existence.
It is
document, which was suspended
official
of
II,
taken from an original, and apparently,
or Saturn, at Carthage.
Falconer and Bou-
gainville both agree in referring
tury before the Christian era.
troduced by a few
lines,
it
to the sixth cen-
The
Periplus
reciting a decree
Carthaginians, relating to the voyage and It is
temple
in the
its
is
in-
of the objects.
commancommencing from
then continued as a narrative by the
der, or
by one of
his companions,
the time the fleet had cleared the Pillars of Hercules
—the
Straits of Gibraltar.
THE PERIPLUS OF HANNO. 1
The Voyage
Hanno,
of
Commander of the
Carthaginians.
Round
the parts of Libya beyond the Pillars
Hercules,
Saturn
2
which he
[i.e.,
deposited in
the
of
temple of
or Israel.]
II,
was decreed by the Carthaginians, that Hanno should undertake a voyage beyond the pillars of He Hercules, and found Libyphcenician cities. It
sailed accordingly with sixty ships of fifty oars each,
and a body of men and women
to the
number of
thirty thousand,
and provisions and other necessaries.
When we
Pillars [of
had passed the
Hercules] on
our voyage, and had sailed beyond them for two days,
we founded
Thymiaterium.
3
the
first
Below
it
city,
which we named
lay an extensive plain.
Proceeding thence towards the west, we came to
1
Derived from 7r«pt around, and -n-Xovs a sailing, a voyage; hence Periplus = a circumnavigation. 2 The mountains Abyla and Calpe, situated on either side of the Strait of Gibraltar, were called by the ancients the Pillars of Hercules. 3
Probably Mogadore.
cory's ancient fragments. Soloeis,
1
a promontory of Libya,
covered with
Neptune
trees,
a day towards the lying not far
east,
from the
Here
of large reeds.
a place
we
until
sea,
and
arrived at a lake
filled
elephants,
the lake about a day's called
sail,
Cariconticos,
and Melitta, and Arambys.
with abundance
and a great number
Having passed
we founded
cities
near
and Gytte, and Acra,
Thence we came
the great river Lixus, which flows from Libya.
banks the
Lixitae,
amongst
flocks,
friendly terms.
by
sected river
a shepherd-tribe, were feeding
whom we
continued some time on
Beyond the
pitable Ethiopians,
who
Lixitae dwelt the inhos-
pasture a wild country inter-
large mountains, from which, they say, the
Lixus flows.
In the
neighbourhood of the
mountains lived the Troglodytae, 3 appearances, in
whom
from them,
we
men
of various
the Lixitae described as swifter
running than horses.
ters
Having procured
interpre-
coasted along a desert country,
towards the south, for two days.
Thence we
ceeded towards the east the course of a day.
we found 1
2
in a recess of
Cape Bojador. Supposed to be i.e.,
Dwellers in caves.
pro-
Here
a certain bay a small island,
identical with the
Rio d'Ouro. 8
to
On
2
its
to
for the space of half
of other wild beasts were feeding.
the sea,
thickly
where we erected a temple
and again proceeded
;
37
River d'Ouro
;
or
cory's ancient fragments.
38
containing a circle of five stadia, where colony,
and
called
voyage that thage
;
it
Kerne.
this place lay in
for the length of our
We
1
we
settled a
judged from our
a direct line with Car-
voyage from Carthage to
the Pillars, was equal to that from the Pillars to Kerne.
We sailing
then came to a lake which
we reached by
up a large river called Chretes. 2
had three
islands, larger
proceeding a day's the lake, that
sail,
than Kerne
we came
;
This lake from which
to the extremity of
was overhung by
large
mountains,
inhabited by savage men, clothed in skins of wild beasts,
who drove
us
away by throwing
stones,
and
Sailing thence we came was large and broad, and full and river-horses whence returning
hindered us from landing. to another river, 3 that
of crocodiles,
;
back we came again to Kerne.
Thence we
sailed towards the south twelve days,
coasting the shore, the whole of which
is
inhabited
by Ethiopians, who would not wait our approach, but fled from us. Their language was not intelligible, even to the Lixitae who were with us. Towards the last day we approached some large mountains covered with
trees, the
scented and variegated.
1
wood of which was sweetHaving sailed by these
Probably, the island of Arguin, under the southern
Cape Blanco. 2
3
Perhaps the river St. John. Perhaps the river Senegal.
CORY
ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
S
mountains for two days,
opening of the sea
;
fire
arising,
more or
either
an immense
to
on each side of which, towards
the continent, was a plain night,
we came
39
at
;
in
intervals,
Having taken
less.
we sailed forwards for we came to a large
five
we
from which all
saw,
by-
directions,
water there,
in
days near the land, until
bay, which our
interpreters
informed us was called the Western Horn. 1
In this
was a large island, and in the island a salt-water and in this another island, where, when we had
lake,
we
landed,
could discover nothing in the day-time
except trees burning,
and heard the sound of
We
drums, and confused shouts.
and our diviners ordered us Sailing quickly
burning with
away
fires
supplied from
full
for four days,
of
fire.
than the
When
island.
passed a country
and streams of
;
The
we
terrified
We ;
rest,
fire
country was sailed
and passing
discovered at night a country
In the middle was a lofty
fire,
which seemed to touch the
day came, we discovered
it
called the Chariot of the Gods. 2 after
abandon the
the heat.
much
cymbals, afraid,
into the sea.
being
pipes,
fires
were then
we
and perfumes
it fell
quickly thence,
to
thence,
impassable on account of
on
we saw many
but in the night
;
to
larger stars.
be a large
On
hill,
the third day
our departure thence, having sailed by those
Probably Cape Palmas.
2
Perhaps Sierra Leone.
40
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
streams of
fire,
Southern Horn
we 1 j
arrived
a bay called the
at
the bottom
at
of which lay an
island like the former, having a lake,
another island,
full
and
in this lake
of savage people, (the greater
whom were women), whose bodies were and whom our interpreters called Gorillae.
part of hairy,
Though we pursued of
them
;
precipices,
but
all
the
fled
men we
from
could not seize any
us,
escaping over the
and defending themselves with
Three women
were,
however,
taken;
stones.
but
they
attacked their conductors with their teeth and hands,
and could not be prevailed upon
Having
killed them,
we
to
accompany
We
their skins with us to Carthage.
did not
further on, our provisions failing us.
End of
i
us.
flayed them, and brought
the Periplus
of Hanno.
p Probably Cape Three
Points.
sail
THE FRAGMENTS OF
THE CHALDEAN HISTORY BEROSSUS, ABYDENUS, AND
MEGASTHENES.
BE ROSU
S.
Berosus, or Berossus, for his
name
variously
is
by ancient writers, was a priest of Bel, and most probably a native of Babylon. His name may be from tfVta (BEROSH) a fir-tree WDM "Q written
;
(BAR ASYA)
"Son
ile.,
the learned Scaliger
of the Physician;" or, as
"
y
If the
from
conjectured,
BIR, Son, and Hosea hence
Son
BAR,
be the correct etymology, he
latter
or
of Hosea."
may
have been of Jewish origin. By some he is made to be a contemporary of Alexander the Great but it ;
is
more probable
Ptolemy Martyr
will
Cumaean
have
Sibyl,
King of Egypt. that he was the father
;
it
who is
that of Tatian, the Assyrian,
us that Berosus dedicated his
fi€T
of the
lived in the reign of Tarquinius
Chaldean History to Antiochus
T&
Justin
but the most probable opinion, and the
best supported,
Syria.
in the reign of
Philadelphus,
Superbus
tells
that he flourished
(Tatian
Oratio contra
:
Three Books of Soter,
tS Hera SeXevKov
King
of
Grczcos) (AvTioxy
avrov rpLTcp) which Eusebius
into KvTio^oi
who
rpLTco.
has
altered
George, the
Syncellus, of Byzantium, states that Berosus lived at
a
the little
same time before
;
Manetho the Egyptian, or and Manetho, we know, was a as
contemporary of Ptolemy Philadelphus, who began
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
44
38
over
reign
his
year's
;
voured to
Egypt,
B.C.
and
284,
reigned
whence the learned Scaliger has endeaprove that Berosus may have lived from
the time of Alexander the Great to the 13th year of
Antiochus Soter, King of Syria, and even beyond that period.
Our author was held
in
great repute
by ancient writers, and his authority was great with Tatian confesses both Greek and Latin authors. that he had not himself read the works of Berosus, but frankly acknowledges that he
is
indebted for the
information he gives of him to Juba
who had
Mauritania,
written
Vitruvius (Book
Assyrians.
that having left Babylon
a
ix.,
Kiig
ii.,
of
history
chap.
1)
of
the
informs us
upon the conquest of that
by Alexander, and being acquainted with the Greek language, Berosus established himself in Asia
city
Thence
Minor, intending to teach Oriental science.
he removed observatory,
which
To
to the island of Cos,
and
where he had an
opened a school of astronomy,
at that period also
comprehended
him, says Pliny (Natural History,
Athenians erected a statue a gilded tongue,
knowledge, predictions.
and
He
the invention of
[Hemicyclium
on
account
the is
in the
of
wonderful
also credited
some kind
tells
vii.
37), the
Gymnasium with his
astronomical
accuracy
of
his
by Vitruvius with
of astronomical clock.
excavatum ex
quadrato
maque succisum Berosus Chaldaeus Pliny
astrology.
ad
encli-
dicitur invenisse.]
us that the genuine works of our author
;
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
45
contained astronomical observations for a space of
from Nabonassar to B.C. 270.
480
years,
his
works have perished except a few fragments
but
is
it
i.e.,
unanimously agreed among ancient writers
the Berosus
that
All
who wrote
the history of
the
Chaldeans, also wrote various astronomical treatises. Josephus, Plutarch, Eusebius, George the Syncellus,
Athenseus, Pliny,
many
Seneca,
other ancient authors,
tioned our author, his works.
We
or
have expressly men-
have given quotations from
cannot, however,
deny that many of
the fragments of Berosus which have
have been more or
us,
and
Pausanias, Jerome,
less
come down
to
sometimes
corrupted,
through the carelessness of copyists, at others inten-
Whether he
tionally to serve the writers purpose.
had ever seen the Hebrew Scriptures certain.
is
very un-
Josephus says that he made mention of
Abraham, but without expressly naming him, calling him " a just and great man among the Chaldeans,
who
lived in the 10th generation after the
flood,"'
and saying that he was an observer of the heavens. It
is
certainly very
remarkable that he should
have given a description of the Flood
much resembling Genesis, but
enumerated
still
the
more
account
in
in
by Berosus,
as
reigning
Flood, should agree so closely (not in
Noah
is
so*
of
striking that the ten kings
before
represented
the
name but
number), with the ten generations from
Noah.
terms
Book
the
Adam
by Xisuthrus
in
to
— the
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
46
hero of the Deluge, according to Berosus
may be meant by Oannes and very Bel,
Berosus,
difficult to say.
would have access
therefore whatever
is
to the
stated
—but who
the Annedoti,
it
as priest of the
temple archives,
by him
is
god and
of the highest
is
importance.
We
have the names of a dynasty of Chaldean
down
kings handed
from Berosus.
to us,
These
supposed by some to be
are
EVECHOUS, who reigned 6
Chomasbolus PORUS Nechobes Abius Oniballus
7
„
))
35
„
»
43
»
>>
45
»
J>
40
„
>)
45
„
ZlNZIRUS
George the Syncellus
also gives a
dynasty, consisting of six kings,
Babylon
;
years.
)»
list
who
but whence he obtained
it
Arab
of the
reigned over
we
are not
These are
informed.
Mardokentes, who Sisimadacus Gabius
„
reigned 45 years. 28 „ 37
Parannos Nabonnabos (name
Among
40 25 4i
lost)
the thousands
deposited in the British
of cuneiform
Museum,
inscriptions
there are very few
which contain any general chronology of the AssyrioBabylonian
Empire,
although
we
possess
a
few
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
47
which give the number of years that had elapsed
between
particular
Museum
rejoices,
and
important
events.
however, in the possession of
Our some
Synchronous History of and Assyria, which describes the wars,
precious fragments of
Babylon
a
and other important transactions between kingdoms of Babylonia and Assyria during
treaties,
the
several centuries, but
we have no connected and
con-
tinuous history.
This most important document was translated and part
in
published by
A
years ago. ing
Sir
Henry Rawlinson some
translation of the
whole of
some recently-discovered fragments,
by Rev. A. H. Sayce,
is
now
it,
includ-
translated
to be found in the
Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archeology, vol.
ii.
pt.
Past, vol.
i.,
and again republished
iii.,
in
Records of the
p. 25.
Then we have another most
valuable aid to
Assyrian chronology in the Assyrian Canon, 1 which extends, however, only from B.C. 909 to B.C.
680
comprising a period of about 230 years, the chro-
nology of which
is
confirmed and verified by a solar
eclipse therein mentioned,
and which we know hap-
pened on June 15th, B.C. 763. Translations of this Canon were published in the Aihenceum (Nos. 18 12 and 2064) by Sir Henry Rawlinson, and subsequently in a more complete form by Schrader in his admir1
The Assyrian Canon, by George Smith.
Bagster, 1875.
cory's ancient fragments.
48
work
able
Alte Testament. It
Die Keilinschriften und Das
entitled,
— Leipzig,
1869.
had long been a matter of speculation among whence Berosus drew his
scholars as to the source
information regarding the early times of the Baby-
The
lonian Empire.
general opinion, however, was
that in his capacity of priest of Bel, he
the temple to
documents unknown
whilst the spread of the
had access
to
in
the vulgar,
Greek language
in
Asia
Macedonian conquests, furnished him with an enquiring public who would welcome such through the
information,
drawn
as
were out of the mysterious
it
Such opinion has
darkness of Babylonian temples.
met with a remarkable confirmation. Mr. George Smith, of the British Museum, the able decipherer of the Deluge, and other cuneiform quite recently
tablets,
has announced,
in
the
Transactions of the
Soci&y of Biblical Archeology, that he has discovered
what he believes
to
be the very tablets whence the
priest of Bel derived his
not the case,
it
will
at
information. least
be very
If
account for the remarkable agreement which
upon
many
points
between
the
such be
difficult to
we
statements
find
of
Berosus, and the information supplied by the cunei-
form
tablets.
Thus, the kings
who
first
dynasty of Berosus consists of ten
reigned before the flood, answering to the
ten antediluvian Patriarchs of the
The
first
name
in
the
list
Old Testament.
of Berosus
is
Alorus,
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
49
answering to Adi-ur of the cuneiform, which "
god Ur."
devoted to the
His
fifth
signifies
name
is
Amegalarus, which possibly represents the cunei-
form Amil-ur-gal,
i.e.,
two names of
last
man, or servant of Urgal.
The
dynasty are Otiartes and
this
Xisuthrus answering to the cuneiform Ubara-Tutu
and
The former name
Si-sit.
=a
given, in one copy
which corresponds
of Berosus, as Ardates,
Assyrian ardu
is
servant, while
Tutu
is
to the
the
name
god hence, servant of Tutu, which is also Tsisit the meaning of the Accadian Ubara- Tutu. or Sisit is the Hero of the Flood, the history of a
;
by Berosus, so remarkably corresponds with the Biblical account of the Noachian of which, as given
Deluge that no one can doubt that both proceed from one source except the
We
—they
names, from some
shall see this
we come ing of the
are evidently transcriptions,
document.
ancient
brought out more distinctly when
The
to his History of the Deluge.
name
is,
however, conjectural,
1
read-
as to the
pronunciation, while the meaning of the two characters
composing
it
appears to
denote
him who
escaped the flood.
1
Mr. George Smith
Discoveries, pp.
with the cally,
name
167,
179,
has
since
announced {Assyrian
182) that he has found a tablet
of the hero of the Deluge written phonetiso that Xisuthrus is evidently only
KHA-SIS-ADRA
;
a Greek corruption.
D
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
50
For
further information concerning the
of Berosus
we must
refer
Chaldceorum Histories
quce
the reader supersunt,
Fragments to,
"
Berosi
cum Com-
mentatione" edited by Dr. Richter, Leipzig, 1825, to
which we acknowledge ourselves much indebted,
in regard to the notes
work.
We
and explanations given
in this
must, however, mention in the highest
terms of commendation, two works which have cently appeared, the one
re-
by Mr. George Smith, en-
The Chaldean Account of Genesis (London, 18/5), being illustrations of the Book of Genesis from cuneiform sources the other an important work
titled
;
by M. Francois Lenormant, Essai de Commentaire des Fragments Cosmogoniques de Berose, d'apres les Textes Cuneiforms et les Monuments de I Art Asiatiqite.
8vo.
Paris, 1872.
BEROSUS: Extracted from Apollodorus.
Of the Chaldean "
This
to
is
Kings.
the history which Berosus has transmitted
He
us.
tells
us
that
the
first
king
was
Alorus
1
sari 2
and afterwards Alaparus and Amelon, who
;
of Babylon, a Chaldaean
;
he reigned ten
came from Pantibiblon 3 then Ammenon the Chaldaean, in whose time appeared the Musarus Oannes, ;
Annedotus, from
the
Erythraean 4 sea.
the
(But
Alexander Polyhistor, anticipating the event, has said that he appeared in the
dorus says that
it
was
first
year
but Apollo-
;
after forty sari
;
Abydenus,
however, makes the second Annedotus appear after twenty-six
sari.)
Then succeeded Megalarus, from
the city of Pantibiblon, and sari
;
and
after
he reigned eighteen
him Daonus, the shepherd, from
Pantibiblon, reigned ten sari
;
in his time, (he says),
is the name of an ancient Babylonian deity. For the explanation of the Babylonian words saros, nerosy and sossus, see p. 53 of the present work, line 8th from the top. 3 This is the Greek rendering of Sippara, called Sepharvaim, or the two Sipparas in our Bible. 2 Kings xvii. 24. 4 This signifies both the Red Sea and the Persian Here it must mean the latter. Gulf. 1
Ur
2
—
— CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
52
appeared again, from the Erythraean
(or
Red)
sea, a.
same form with those,
fourth Annedotus, having the
above, the shape of a fish blended with that of a
Then Euedoreschus
man.
reigned from the city of
1
Pantibiblon for the period of eighteen
In his
sari.
days there appeared another personage, whose name
was Odacon, from the Erythrean (or Red) sea, 2 like the former, having the same complicated form, between a fish and a man. (All these, says Apollodorus, related particularly and circumstantially whatever
Oannes had informed them of. Concerning these Abydenus has made no mention.)
appearances
Then Amempsinus, and
reigned,
ten
being the eighth
he,
Then
sari.
Upon
So
happened.
sari.
the
In his time the great Flood
sum
to
collectively
of Syncellus
sari.
39,
is
ten
;
reigned
Extracted
and Eusebins
5.
1
Sippara, or Sepharvaim.
2
The
3
Larissa, the
in a
they
one hundred and twenty
the Chronicon
Chronicon
the kings
total of all
period which
the
from
from Laranchae,
for eight sari.
the death of Otiartes, his son, Xisuthrus, 4
reigned eighteen
amounts
Laranchae, 3
in order, ruled for
Otiartes, a Chaldaean
and he ruled
reigned,
and
a Chaldaean from
Persian Gulf.
modern Senkereh. The name Larsa occurs cuneiform inscription of Nebuchadnezzar, now in the
British 4 i.e.,
Museum.
—
See also Xenophon's Anab. Khasis-Adra.
Bk
iii.
c. 4.
BEROSUS: From Abydenus.
Of the Chaldean Kings and the Deluge. "
So much concerning It is said that
Alorus 1
,
pointed
the
the first
wisdom of the Chaldseans. king of the country was
who gave out a report that he was apby God to be the Shepherd of the people
:
he reigned ten
sari.
Now
a sarus
three thousand six hundred years
dred
and a
:
;
is
esteemed to be
a neros, six hun-
sossus, sixty.
After him Alaparus reigned three
sari
;
to
him
succeeded Amillarus, from the city of Pantibiblon,
who
reigned thirteen sari
;
in his
time a semi-daemon
called Annedotus, very like to Oannes, 2
came up a
After him
Ammenon
second time from the reigned twelve
blon 3 sari
;
;
sari,
sea.
who was
of the city of Pantibi-
then Megalarus, of the same place, eighteen
then Daos, the shepherd, governed for the
space of ten
sari,
he was of Pantibiblon
;
in his
time
came out of the sea whose names were Euedocus, Eneugamus,
four double-shaped personages to land,
1 Ur, an ancient Babylonian deity, mentioned in the Cuneiform inscription of Urukh as the eldest son of Bel. See Records of the Past, vol. iii. pp. 9, 10. 2 Perhaps the god Anu, of the Assyrian inscriptions. 3 Sippara, or Sepharvaim.
—
*i
— CORY
54
S
ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
Eneuboulos, and Anementus.
After these things
was Anodaphus, in the time of Euedoreschus. There were afterwards other kings, and last of all So that, in all, the number Sisithrus (Xisuthrus). amounted to ten kings, and the term of their reigns And, among to one hundred and twenty sari. other matters not irrelevant to the subject, he con-
After Euedo-
thus concerning the deluge.
tinues
some others reigned, and then Sisithrus (Xisuthrus). To him the god Kronus (i.e. Saturn) foretold that, on the fifteenth day of the month Desius there would be a Deluge, and commanded him to reschus
deposit
the writings whatever he had in the city
all
of the Sun, in Sippara.
Sisithrus (Xisuthrus),
when
he had complied with these commands, instantly to
Armenia, and was immediately inspired
by God.
During the prevalence of the waters
sailed
Sisithrus (Xisuthrus) sent out birds that
judge
if
the flood had subsided.
unbounded
sing over an
and not finding any
sea,
place of rest returned again to Sisithrus.
repeated
and when upon the
;
he might
But the birds pas-
third trial
This he
he succeeded,
for the birds then returned with their feet stained
with mud, the gods translated him from
With
respect to the vessel,
Armenia, bracelets
it
is
38, Eusebius, Prcepar. v.,
which yet remains
in
a custom of the inhabitants to form
and amulets of
Chronic 011
among men.
8.
its
wood.
Evangel,
lib.
From ix
t>
Syncellus
and Eusebius
— CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
Of the Tower '
They say
that the
own
first
55
of Babel.
inhabitants of the earth,
and despising the gods, undertook to build a tower, whose top should reach the sky, upon that spot where
glorying in their
Babylon now stands.
strength and
But,
when
it
size,
approached the
heaven, the winds assisted the gods, and overturned the
work upon
at Babylon,)
tongues
its
contrivers,
the same language. {i.e.
which they
ruins are said to be
and the gods introduced a diversity of
among men, who
Kronus
(its
till
And
that time
a war arose between
Saturn) and Titan
built the
tower
is
had all spoken
now
;
and the place
in
1
on
called Babylon,
account of the confusion of the languages fusion
is
by the Hebrews
called
Eusebius, Prcep. Evangel,
lib. ix.
and Eiisebius* Chronicon
13.
;
Babel."
for con-
From
Syncellus Chron. 44,
is the Greek form of the Assyrian name Gate of God. It was regarded as a holy city. The Hebrew word BlLBOOL, resembling Babilu in sound, and signifying confusion, gave rise to the narrative of the confusion of tongues, and led to the Jewish explanation 1
Babylon
Bab-ilu,
of the
i.e.,
name Babel
as connected with that event.
A
story
somewhat similar is found in a cuneiform inscription translated by Mr. Boscawen, and published in the Trans. Soc. Bib. Arch., vol.
iv.
BEROSUS
:
From Alexander Polyhistor.
Of the Cosmogony and Causes Berosus,
in his first
of the Deluge.
book concerning the history of
Babylonia, informs us that he lived in the time of
Alexander, the son of Philip.
were written accounts preserved
that there
with
And he
the
greatest
care,
mentions
at
Babylon
comprehending a term of
These writings contained a history of the heavens and the sea of the birth of mankind also of those who had sovereign rule and of the actions achieved by them. And, in the first place, he describes Babylonia as a country which lay between the Tigris and EuHe mentions that it abounded with wheat, phrates. and in the lakes were found barley, ocrus, sesamum which were good to be eaten, gongae, called the roots fifteen
myriads of years.
;
;
;
;
and were,
in respect to nutriment, like barley.
There
were also palm-trees and apples, and most kinds of fruits
;
fish,
merely of of water.
too,
flight,
The
and birds
;
both those which are
and those which take part of
to the
element
Babylonia which bordered
upon Arabia was barren, and without water but that which lay on the other side had hills, and was ;
fruitful.
At Babylon
there
was
(in
these times) a
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
57
great resort of people of various nations,
habited Chaldea, and
who
in-
and order,
lived without rule
like the beasts of the field.
In the
year there
first
made
a part of the Erythraean sea Babylonia, an animal called Oannes.
fish
and
;
its
appearance, from
which bordered upon
endowed with
reason,
who was
(According to the account of Apollo-
dorus) the whole
a
1
body of the animal was
and had under a
like that of
head another head,
fish's
also feet below, similar to those of a man, sub-
joined to the
fish's tail.
was
articulate
him
is
and human
and a representation of
;
in the day-time,
used to converse with
but took no food at that season
;
and language
voice, too,
preserved even to this day.
This Being,
men
His
them an
and taught them
insight into letters,
kii?d of art.
He
to fo ind temples, to
and he gave
;
sciences,
and every
to construct houses,
compile laws, and explained to
them the principles of geometrical knowledge. He made them distinguish the seeds of the earth, and showed them how to collect fruits. In short, he instructed them in everything which could tend to soften manners and humanise mankind. From that so
time,
were
universal
his
material has been added by
When
the sun set
it
;
for
way
sea,
and abide
he was amphibious. 1
The
Persian Gulf.
nothing
of improvement.
was the custom of
plunge again into the
deep
instructions,
this
all
Being
to
night in the
— cory's ancient fragments.
58 After
there appeared other animals,
this,
which Berosus promises to give an
Oannes, of
when he comes
account
like
to the history of the kings.
Moreover, Oannes wrote concerning the generation of mankind
of their different
;
their civil polity
what he "
ways of
and the following
;
is
life,
and of
the purport of
said,
There was a time
in
which there was nothing
but darkness and an abyss of waters, 1 wherein resided
most hideous beings, which were produced of a two-
Men appeared
fold principle.
with two wings, some
They had one
with four wings, and two faces.
but two heads
— the
body,
one of a man, the other of a
woman. They were likewise, in their several organs, Other human figures were both male and female. to be seen with the legs and horns of goats. Some had horses' feet others had the limbs of a horse behind, but before were fashioned like men, resem;
bling hippocentaurs.
the heads of
men
and the
of fishes.
of dogs
tails :
men,
;
too,
and dogs, with fourfold bodies, Also horses, with the heads
and other animals, with the heads
and bodies of horses and the short, there
tails
of fishes.
In
were creatures with the limbs of every
species of animals. serpents,
bred there with
Bulls, likewise,
with
assumed each 1
Add
other
to
these fishes, reptiles,
wonderful
other's shape
animals,
which
and countenance.
Compare with Genesis
i.
Of
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
59
these were preserved delineations in the temple
all
of Belus at Babylon.
The
who was supposed to have presided which over them, was a woman named Omoroca 1 "
person,
;
in the
Chaldee language Thalassa
interpreted
is
to the
is 2 ,
Thalatth the sea
which
;
Greek
according
but,
:
in
most true computation, it is equivalent to Selene,
the moon.
All things being in this situation, Belus
came, and cut the
woman
asunder
and, out of one
:
and of the other same time he destroyed the animals in the abyss. All this (he says) was an allegorical description of nature. For the whole universe consisting of moisture, and animals being half of her, he formed the earth, half the heavens
;
and
at the
continually generated
therein
above-mentioned, cut off his
the
;
own head
the other gods mixed the blood, as
with the earth
On
this
;
call
;
it
(Belus),
upon which gushed
out,
and from thence men were formed.
account
it
is
that
men
partake of divine knowledge.
men
deity
and
are rational,
This Belus,
whom
Dis, (or Pluto,) divided the darkness,
and
separated the heavens from the earth, and reduced the universe to order.
But the animals so recently
1
This is a Greek corruption of the NjTftV Amqia, i.e., the deep the ocean.
Aramaic word,
;
2
tha salt
Thalath, or Thalassa,
=
is
the Egyptian feminine
—hence,
the sea.
evidently ra aAs, article the,
i.e.,
ra for
and the Greek
a\
60
cory's ancient fragments.
created, not being able to bear the prevalence of light, died.
Belus upon
this,
though by nature very
inhabited,
one of the gods
was taken
off,
to take
men and
off his
fruitful,
head
it
and from thence
to
form other
animals, which should be capable of bear-
Belus also formed the
ing the light.
sun and the moon, together with the
stars,
and the
five planets.
book was the history of the ten
(In the second
kings of the Chaldeans, and the reign,
;
ordered
and when
they were to mix the blood with the
of the earth,
soil
seeing a vast space quite un-
periods of each
which consisted collectively of one hundred
and twenty^sari, or 432,000 years, reaching to the time of the Flood. For Alexander, surnamed Polyhistor, as from the writings of the Chaldeans,
enumerating the kings from the ninth, Ardates,
who
Xisuthrus,
manner
in this
is
called
by them the
to
tenth, proceeds
:)
After the death of Ardates, his son, Xisuthrus, In his time succeeded, and reigned eighteen sari. happened the great Deluge the history of which is ;
given
in this
him
to
in
manner.
The
Deity, Kronus, appeared
a vision, and gave him notice, that upon
month Daesia 1 there would be a flood, by which mankind would be destroyed. He therefore enjoined him to commit to writing a the fifteenth day of the
1
The
May
5th
month
and June.
of the
Macedonian
year, answering to
cory's ancient fragments.
clusion of
all
things,
down
Sun
1
at
Sippara
with him into
;
it
and
in
and
;
and
the city of the
to build a vessel,
his friends
con-
final
term
to the present
bury these accounts securely
to
and
beginning-, progress,
the
history of
6i
and
relations
;
to take
and
to
convey on board everything necessary to sustain
and
life,
either
to take in also all species of animals that
fly,
or rove upon the earth
Having asked the
to the deep.
was
to sail
?
he was answered,
upon which he mankind.
and
offered
And
and
;
Deity, whither he "
To
up a prayer
two.
ready
;
and
Gods
the
for the
" :
good of
he obeyed the divine admonition
built a vessel five stadia in length,
Into this
trust himself
and
in
:
breadth
he put everything which he had got
conveyed into
last of all
it
his
wife,
After the Flood had been
children,
and
upon the
earth,
and was
sent out
some
birds 2 from the vessel, which, not
friends.
in
time abated, Xisuthrus
finding any food, nor any place to rest their feet,
returned to him again. days, he sent
them
After an interval of some
forth a second time,
and they
now returned with their feet tinged with mud. He made a trial a third time with these birds, but they returned to him no more
;
from whence he formed a
judgment, that the surface of the earth was
now
The sun was worshipped by the Assyrians as a God, under the name of S/iamas, the Hebrew Shemesh. 1
2
Compare with Genesis
viii.
7
—
12.
62
cory's ancient fragments.
above the
waters.
opening
Having, therefore, made an
in the vessel,
and
upon looking
finding,
out,
that the vessel was driven to the side of a mountain,
he immediately quitted wife, his daughter,
being attended by his
it,
and the
Xisuthrus imme-
pilot.
diately paid his adoration to the earth, and, having
constructed an
These
altar, offered sacrifices
things
being
Xisuthrus, and those
with him, disappeared.
duly
1
to the gods.
both
performed,
who came out of the They who remained
vessel, finding that the others did not return, out,
many name of
in the
came
lamentations, and called continually
with
on the
vessel
Xisuthrus.
They saw him no
but could distinguish his voice in the
air,
more,
and could
hear him admonish them to pay due regard to the
He
gods.
likewise informed
them
that
it
was upon
account of his piety that he was translated 2 to live
with the gods
;
that his wife
and daughter, with the
To
had obtained the same honour.
pilot,
this
he
added that he would have them make the best of their
way
to Babylonia,
at Sippara,
and search
which were
to
for the writings
be made known to
all
mankind and that the place where they then were was the land of Armenia. 3 The remainder having :
1
See Genesis
2
Compare with
viii.
20.
this the translation of
Enoch, Genesis
v.
23, 24. 3
Compare with Genesis viii. 4. Ararat name of Armenia. See 2 Kings xix. 37.
—
is
the
Hebrew
——
—
cory's ancient fragments.
heard these words, offered
and taking a
The
vessel, it
gods
;
journeyed towards Babylonia.
being thus stranded in Armenia, some
yet remains in the Gordyaean mountains ;
Armenia
with which
;
it
and the people scrape
off the bitumen, 2
had been outwardly coated, and make
by way of an alexipharmic 3 and amulet. In manner they returned to Babylon and having
use of this
sacrifices to the
1
part of in
circuit,
63
it
;
found the writings at Sippara, they set about building
cities,
and erecting temples
Chron.
Chron. 28.
SynceL
thus inhabited again.
and Babylon was
:
Euseb.
5, 8.
Of Abraham. After the Flood, in the tenth generation, there
was a
certain
for his justice
man among and great
the celestial sciences.
the Chaldeans, renowned
exploits,
and
for his skill in
Euseb. Praep. Evang.,
lib. ix.
Of Nabonasar. The
Chaldeans, (from
whom
the Greek mathe-
maticians copy,) are accurately acquainted with the
motion of the stars only from the reign of Nabo-
1
2
The mountains of Kurdistan. Or mineral pitch. See Genesis
—
3 i.e.,
vi.
14.
an antidote to poison, and an amulet, or charm,
against the evil eye.
— cory's ancient fragments.
64
For Nabonasar
nasar.
collected
the chronicles
all
of the kings prior to himself, and destroyed them,
enumeration of
so that the
commence
might
with
Chaldean kings
the
him.
— From
Syncellus'
Chronicon, 207.
Of the Destruction
He {i.e.,
of the Jewish Temple.
(Nabopallasar) sent his son, Nabuchodonosor,
Nebuchadnezzar) with a great army against
Egypt, and against Judea,
he subdued them
was
all,
at Jerusalem,
out of their
Babylon
upon
had revolted from him
that they
;
own
and
it
and
being informed
and by that means
;
set fire to the
temple that
and removed our people 1 country,
and transferred them
happened that our
(He then
to
was desolate
city
during the interval of seventy years, of Cyrus king of Persia.
entirely
until the
days
says, that), this
Babylonian king conquered Egypt, and Syria, and Phoenicia, all
that
Chaldaea.
and Arabia, and exceeded
had reigned before him Joseph
contr. Apion.,
in
Babylon and
in
lib.
his exploits
1,
c.
19.
Of Nebuchadnezzar.
When
Nabopollasar, his (Nebuchadnezzar's) father,
heard that the governor,
whom
he had set over
Egypt, and the parts of Ccelesyria and Phoenicia,
had revolted, he was unable
1
The
Jews.
to put
up with
his
CORY'S ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
delinquencies of
parts
his
any longer,
army
(Nebuchadnezzar), sent
son,
who was
him against the
committed certain
but
his
to
rebel
:
65
Nabuchodonosor
then but young, and
and Nabuchodonosor
fought with him, and conquered him, and reduced
And
the country again under his dominion.
happened that
his father,
Nabopollasar,
fell
it
into a
distemper at this time, and died in the city of Babylon, after he had reigned twenty-nine years. After a short time, Nabuchodonosor (Nebuchadreceiving the
nezzar),
death,
the affairs
set
countries in order,
had taken from Syrians, to
some
of his
intelligence
of
Egypt
and
fathers
other
the
and committed the captives he Jews and
the
Phoenicians
and of the nations belonging of his friends,
in
order that
to
and
Egypt,
they might
conduct that part of his forces that had on heavy armour, together with the rest of his baggage, to
Babylonia
;
while he went in haste, with a few
followers, across the desert to Babylon.
was come
there,
he found that
affairs
When
he
had been well
conducted by the Chaldeans, and that the principal person him.
among them had preserved the kingdom for now obtained possession of
Accordingly, he
all
his father's dominions.
to
be distributed
places
He
ordered the captives
in colonies, in the
of Babylonia,
most suitable
and adorned the temple of
Belus, with the other temples, in a
sumptuous and
pious manner, out of the spoils he had taken in this E
— —
—
cory's ancient fragments.
66
He
war.
also rebuilt the old city,
added another
to
on the
it
afterwards might have
outside,
who
restored Babylon, that none
and so
power
city,
it
to divert
the river, so as to facilitate an entrance into this
far
should besiege
in their
it
(Babylon), and
it
;
and
he did by building three walls about the inner
and three about the outer one.
When
of these
and bitumen, and some
walls he built of burnt brick,
of brick only.
Some
he had thus admirably
fortified
the city with walls, and had magnificently adorned
new
the gates, he added also a
which
his forefathers
exceeding them It
had dwelt, adjoining them, but
in height
and
in its great splendour.
would, perhaps, require too long a narration,
any one were
to describe
it;
large and magnificent as
it
fifteen days.
what was with
all
if
however, as prodigiously was,
it
was
finished in
In this palace he erected very high
by stone
;
and by planting
called a pensile paradise,
and replenishing
walks, supported
it
palace to those in
sorts of trees,
pillars
he rendered the prospect
an exact resemblance of a mountainous country. This he did
to please his queen, 1 because she
been brought up mountainous i, c.
19.
had
Media, and was fond of a
in
situation."
Joseph
Syncel. Chron. 220.
lib. 9.
1
Amytis.
contr. Apion.,
lib.
Euseb. Prcep. Evan.,
cory's ancient fragments.
67
Of the Chaldean Kings after Nebuchadnezzar. "
Nabuchodonosor,
after
the above-mentioned wall, life,
fell sick,
when he had reigned
upon
and departed
forty-three years
;
this
where-
son Evilmerodachus (Evilmerodach 1
his
Jeremiah
he had begun to build
Hi.
obtained
31)
governed public
affairs
in
the
an
kingdom.
illegal
—
He
and improper
manner and, by means of a plot laid against him by Neriglissoorus, (Neriglissor), his sister's husband, he was slain when he had reigned only two years. After his death, Neriglissor, who had conspired against him, succeeded him in the kingdom, and reigned four years. His son, Laborosoarchodus, obtained the kingdom, although a mere child, and But, on account of the evil reigned nine months. ;
practices
against
which he manifested, a plot being made
him
by
his
friends,
he was tortured to
death.
After his death, the conspirators having assembled,
by common
consent, put the
crown on the head of
Nabonnedus, 2 a man of Babylon, one of the leaders of that insurrection. walls of Babylon
It
was
in his reign that the
were curiously
built of
burnt brick
and bitumen. In the seventeenth year of reign,
1
Cyrus came out of
i.e.
Man
(Nabonidus's
his,
Persia, with a great
or servant of Merodach.
2
army,
Nabonidus.
—
— cory's ancient fragments.
68
the rest of Asia, he
and having conquered
all
hastily to Babylonia.
When Nabonnedus
dus), perceived that
he was advancing
(Naboni-
to attack him,
and opposed him, but was with a few of his attendants, and
he assembled
his forces
defeated, and was shut up
fled
Whereupon
the city Borsippus.
in
came
Cyrus took Babylon, and gave orders that the outer walls should be demolished, because the city had proved very troublesome
He
take.
and
him,
to
difficult
to
then marched to Borsippus, to besiege
Nabonnedus [Nabonidus]
but, as
;
Nabonnedus de-
livered himself into his hands without holding out
the place, he was at
who gave him
first
kindly treated by Cyrus,
a habitation in Carmania, and sent
him out of Babylonia.
Accordingly, Nabonnedus
[Nabonidus] spent the remainder of country, i, c.
and there
Joseph, contr. App.,
died."
Etiseb. Prczp. Evan.,
20.
Of the Feast " Berosus,
history, says
Loos,
1
is
for five
the
in
That
:
first
his time in that
lib.
of Sacea.
book
of his Babylonian
the eleventh month, called
in
celebrated in Babylon the Feast of Sacea,
days
;
in
which
it
is
the custom that the
masters should obey their domestics, one of is
lib.
co.
whom
led round the house, clothed in a royal garment,
and
him
Athenceus, 1
they lib.
call
Zoganes."
— Extracted from
14.
The Macedonian month Loos answers
to our July.
cory's ancient fragments.
69
Concerning the Innovations introduced into the Religion of the Persians by Artaxerxes II.
They (the Persians) neither received images of wood nor stone, as the Greeks nor worshipped "
;
ibises
and ichneumons,
only reverenced
fire
like
Egyptians
the
and water,
like philosophers.
Berosus, however, relates in the 3rd
Chaldean
that
Histories,
worshipped images
in
but
;
after
many
human form
;
Book
of his
ages
they
this
being
in-
troduced by Artaxerxes, the son of Darius, the son of Ochus,
who having
set
up the image of Venus
Anaitis in Babylon, and Susa, and Ecbatana, Persia, Bactria,
Damascus, and Sardis, charged the people
to worship
it."
— Extracted from
Clement, Bishop
Alexandria [Admonitio ad Gentes),
p. 43.
of
CHRONOLOGICAL AND ASTRONOMICAL FRAGMENTS.
Of the Great Year„ "
Berosus,
who
thus
interprets the Babylonian
tradition, says that these events take place
to the course of
the stars
;
according
and he affirms
it
so
positively as to fix the time for the (general) confla-
gration of the world, and the Deluge. that
all terrestrial
things will be
He
maintains
consumed when the
which now are traversing their different
planets,
courses, shall
all
coincide in the sign of Cancer, and
be so placed, that a straight through
all
But the Flood
their orbs.
place (he says)
when
line could pass directly
the
will
take
same conjunction of the
planets shall take place in the constellation Capri-
The summer
corn.
the
winter
Quczst.
iii.,
in
29.
the
is
in the
latter,"
former constellation,
— From
Seneca,
Nat.
!
MEGASTHENES
:
From Abydenus.
Of Nebuchadnezzar. "
Abydenus,
in his history of the Assyrians, has pre-
served the following fragment of Megasthenes,
who
That Nabucodrosorus [Nebuchadnezzar], having become more powerful than Hercules, invaded Libya and Iberia, [Spain], and when he had rendered them tributary, he extended his conquests over the inhabitants of the shores upon the right of the sea. It is, moreover, related by the Chaldseans, that as he went up into his palace he was possessed by some god and he cried out, and said " Oh says
:
:
;
Babylonians, foretel
unto you a calamity which must shortly come
to pass,
queen
Nabucodrosorus (Nebuchadnezzar)
I,
which neither Belus
Beltis,
turn away.
my
ancestor, nor his
have power to persuade the Fates to
A
Persian mule shall come, and, by the
assistance of your gods shall impose
yoke of slavery
;
upon you the
the author of which shall be a
Medfe, the foolish
should thus betray
pride
my
of Assyria.
subjects,
Oh
!
;
wander through some cities
he
some
sea,
that
or whirlpool, might receive him, and his blotted out for ever
Before
memory be
or that he might be cast out to desert,
nor the trace of
men
;
where there are neither a solitary exile
/
among
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
72
rocks and caverns, where beasts and birds alone
But
abide.
for
me, before he shall have conceived
these mischiefs in his mind, a happier end will be
When
provided." expired,
he had
and was succeeded by
who was
[Evilmerodach],
Neriglisares [Neriglissor],
prophesied, 'he
thus
his son,
by
slain
Evilmaruchus kinsman,
his
and Neriglisares
left
a
And when
son, Labassoarascus [Labarosoarchod].
he also had suffered death by violence, they made
Nabannidochus 1 king, being of no relation In his reign Cyrus
royal race.
to the
[king of Persia]
took Babylon, and granted him a principality, [or
made him the
a satrap], in Karmania.
Now, concerning
by
Nabuchodonosor,
rebuilding
Babylon
of
he, [Megasthenes], writes thus
the beginning
[Thalath] cease,
;
all
:
from
It is said that
things were water, called the sea
that Belus caused this state of things to
and appointed
to each its proper place,
he [Belus] surrounded Babylon with a wall
;
and
but in
process of time this wall disappeared, and Nabu-
chodonosor [Nebuchadnezzar] walled
and
it
remained
time of the
so,
with
its
it
in
again,
brazen gates, until the
Macedonian conquest,
[i.e.,
by Alex-
ander the Great], and after other things he says
Nabuchodonosor having succeeded built the walls of
days
;
Babylon
and he turned the
1
Nabonidus.
2
Nahar Malcha,
or
in
to the
:
kingdom,
a triple circuit in fifteen
river Armacale, 2 a branch
Ar Malcha,
i.e.,
the royal
river,
or canal.
—
— cory's ancient fragments.
of the Euphrates and the Acracanus city of
Sippara
1
;
he dug a receptacle
73
and above the for the waters,
whose perimeter was forty parasangs, and whose depth was twenty culpits and he placed gates at the entrance thereof, by opening which they irrigated ;
and these they
the plains, [sluices]
;
call
Echetognomones
and he constructed dykes against the
irruptions of the Erythraean sea], the Persian Gulf]
and
built the city of
of the Arabs calling lib.
10.
;
Teredon against the incursions
and he adorned the palace with
them hanging gardens.
Euseb.
Prczt>.
Euseb. Chron. 49.
End of
the
Fragments of Megasthenes.
i.e.,
Sepharvaim.
trees,
Evan.,
CHALDEAN FRAGMENTS. Of the Ark. From Nicolaus of Damascus, who
lived about
the time of augustus c^sar. "
There
is
above Minyas,
a very great mountain, which a ship)
to which
;
it
is
land of Armenia,
in the
called Baris 1
is
many
said that
(i.e.
persons re-
treated at the time of the Flood, and were saved
and that one ark,
in particular
and was landed on
was carried its
summit
;
thither in an
and that the
;
remains of the vessel were long preserved upon the mountain.
whom
this
was the same individual of
Moses, the legislator of the Jews, has
mention. "
Book
Perhaps
3.
i.
— From
Josephus
Antiq.
Eusebius Praep. Evang.,
of
the
made Jews,
9.
HESTIAEUS. Concerning the Dispersion of Mankind after the Flood. "
The
priests
who escaped took
with them the im-
plements of the worship of the Enyalion Jove, and
1
Epiphanius, one of the Fathers, calls this mountain
Lubar
;
the Zend-Avesta styles
it
Al
Bordj.
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
came
75
But they were again
to Senaar, in Babylonia.
driven from thence by the introduction of a diversity of tongues,
upon which they founded
colonies in
various parts, each settling in such situations as
them to occupy." From yosephui Antiq. of the yews ; and Eusebius'
chance, or the direction of God, led
—
Preparatio Evangelica,
9.
ALEXANDER POLYHISTOR. Concerning the Tower of Babel. "
The
when all men formerly spoke some among them undertook to
Sibyl says, that
the same language, erect a large
and
lofty tower, in order to climb into
But God,
heaven.
(or the gods),
sending forth a
whirlwind, frustrated their design and gave to each tribe a particular
fusion of tongues)
language of is
its
own, which
the reason that the
name
{con-
of that
city is called Babylon." " After the Flood,
Titan and Prometheus
Titan undertook a war against Kronus."
from Syncellus, 44. chap.
4.
;
lived,
— Extracted
yosephus' Antiq. of yews,
Bused. Praep. Evang.,
9.
FROM THE SIBYLLINE ORACLES, "
But when the judgments of Almighty God Were ripe for execution when the tower ;
Rose
to the skies
and
upon Assyria's
plain,
i.
:
cory's ancient fragments.
76
And
all
mankind one language only knew
A dread commission from on high was given To
the fell whirlwinds, which with dire alarms Beat on the tower, and to its lowest base
Shook it convulsed. And now all intercourse, By some occult and overruling power, Ceased among men. By utterance they strove, Perplexed and anxious, to disclose their mind, But their lip failed them and in lieu of words Produced a painful babbling sound the place Was thence called Babel by the apostate crew Named from the event. Then severed, far away They sped, uncertain, into realms unknown Thus kingdoms rose, and the glad world was filled." ;
:
;
:
The tus
Sibyl having
Titan, and Iape-
as the
three sons of the Patriarch
who governed
the world in the tenth genera-
(Japheth)
(Noah),
named Kronus,
tion, after
the Flood, and mentioned the division of
the world into three parts,
(viz,
by Shem, Ham, and
which each of the Patriarchs ruled
JaphetJi), over
peace, then relates the death of Noah, and the
in
war
between Kronus and Titan. N.B.
—The
translation given
above
IV. of Bryant's Ancient Mythology.
above given lines are
is
is
from Vol.
The fragment
mentioned by Josephus
;
and some
quoted by the Christian Fathers, Athena-
goras and Theophilus of Antioch.
cory's ancient fragments.
yy
FROM EUPOLEMUS. Concerning the Tower of Babel, and Abraham.
"The City of Babylon owes its foundation to those who were saved from the catastrophe of the Flood
;
these were the giants, (Heb. D^7D2
and they
built the
tower which
is
= fallen
ones),
noticed in history.
But the tower being overthrown by the interposition of God, the giants were scattered over
He
the earth.
says, moreover, that in the tenth generation,
in the City of Babylonia, called
some,
all
is
called the city Urie,
Camarina (which, by
and which
signifies
a
city of the Chaldeans), there lived, the thirteenth in
descent, (a
man named), Abraham,
race and superior to
Of him they
a
man
of a noble
others in wisdom.
all
was the inventor of astrology and the Chaldean magic, and that on account of his eminent piety he was esteemed by God. relate
that he
under the directions of
It is further said, that
he removed and lived
in Phoenicia,
God
and there taught
the Phoenicians the motions of the sun and moon,
and
all
in great
other things
;
for
which reason he was held
reverence by their king. 1
Eusebius Praep. Evan.,
1
— Extracted
9.
Abimelech, king of Gerar.
from
cory's ancient fragments.
yS
FROM NICOLAS OF DAMASCUS. Concerning Abraham.
"Abram was king
of Damascus, and
came
thither
as a stranger, with an army, from that part of the
country which
But
Chaldeans.
above
situated
is
Babylon of the he again emi-
after a short time
grated from this region with his people, and transferred
his dwelling to the land
Canaaea, but
time called together with
with him, of whose history
even
to
this
The name day
pointed out which
ham." 9,
now
called
at that
Judaea;
the multitude which had increased
all
another book.
is
which was
shall give
of
Abram
an account is
well
Damascus, and a
in
is still
— Extracted
I
called the
in
known
village
is
House of Abra-
from Eusebius, Praep.
and Josephus, Antiq. of the Jews,
i.
Evang.
7.
OF ABRAHAM AND HIS DESCENDANTS AND OF MOSES AND THE LAND OF ISRAEL. From
Justin,
out of Trogus Pompeius.
3, 3, 5.
"The
xxxvi.
xviii.
2, 3, 6.
Jews was from Damascus, a of Syria, whence also the Assyrian
origin of the
most famous kings,
Book
Book
city
and queen Semiramis sprang.
The name
of
CORY S ANCIENT FRAGMENTS. the city was given of
whom
79
from king Damascus,
it
in
honour
the Syrians consecrated the sepulchre of
his wife Arathis as a temple,
and regard her as a
goddess worthy of the most sacred worship.
After
Damascus, Azelus, 1 and then Adores, Abraham, and Israhel
were
their kings.
But a prosperous family
made Israhel more famous than any of ancestors. Having divided his kingdom in con-
of ten sons his
sequence, into ten governments, he committed them
and
to his sons,
called the
whole people Jews, from
who died soon after the division, and ordered memory to be held in veneration by them all, as The youngest portion was shared among them.
Judas, his his
of the brothers was Joseph,
whom
the others, fearing
made
his extraordinary abilities, secretly
some
and sold
to
by them
into Egypt,
foreign merchants.
and having
prisoner,
Being carried
there,
by
his great
powers of mind, made himself master of the
arts of
magic, he found, in a short time, great favour with the
king; for he was eminently skilled
was the dreams.
first
in prodigies,
and
to establish the science of interpreting
And
nothing, indeed, of divine, or
law seems to have been unknown to him
;
human
so that he
foretold a famine or dearth in the land (of Egypt),
some years before have perished by advice,
happened, and
Egypt would famine, had not the king, by his ordered the corn to be laid up for several 1
it
all
Hazael, King of Syria.
»
80
cory's ancient fragments.
years his
:
such being the proofs of his knowledge, that
admonitions seemed
to
proceed,
not from a
His son was Moses, whom,
mortal, but a god.
besides the inheritance of his fathers knowledge, the
comeliness of his person also recommended.
Egyptians,
the
being troubled with
scabies
and moved by some oracular
leprosy,
expelled him, with those
who had
Becoming
and
prediction,
the disease, out of
Egypt, that the distemper might not spread
a greater number.
But
among
leader, accordingly, of
the exiles, he carried off by stealth the sacred utensils of the Egyptians, who, endeavouring to recover them
by
force of arms,
home
;
to return
and Moses, having reached Damascus, the
birth-place
Mount
were obliged by tempests
of his fore-fathers, took
Sinai
suffered,
;
on
possession
his arrival at which, after
of
having
together with his followers, from a seven
days' fast in the deserts of Arabia, he consecrated
every seventh day, (according to the present custom of the nation), for a fast-day, and to be perpetually called a Sabbath, because that their
hunger and
remembered
day had ended
their wanderings.
that they
at
once
And, as they
had been driven from Egypt
for fear of spreading infection,
they took care, in
order that they might not become odious, from the
same
cause, to the inhabitants of the country, to
have
no communication with strangers; a rule which, from having been adopted on that particular occasion, gradually became a custom and part of their religion.
cory's ancient fragments.
8i
After the death of Moses, his son Aruas 1 was priest for celebrating the rites
from Egypt, and soon afterwards,
the
same
it
made
which they brought king
after created
and ever
;
was a custom among the Jews to have and priests and, by
chiefs both for kings
;
uniting religion with the administration of justice, it
almost incredible
is
The
how
powerful they became.
wealth of the (Jewish) nation was augmented
by the
duties on balm, (balsam), which
only in that country; for there with an unbroken ridge of in the
is
produced
a valley, encircled
is
as
hills,
were a wall
it
form of a camp, the space enclosed being
about 200 acres, and called by the name of Hierichus,
(Jericho)
remarkable ness,
and
which valley there for
chequered
balm-trees.
shape,
in
;
both
The
with
a wood,
is
and
fertility
its
pleasant-
of palm and
groves
balm-trees resemble pitch-trees 2 in
except that they are not so
dressed after the manner of vines
and
;
and are
tall,
at a certain
season of the year they exude the balm. place
is
not less
of the sun in
sun is
it,
admired
than for
its
for
But the
warmth
the genial
fertility
;
for,
though the
in that climate is the hottest in the world, there
constantly in this valley a certain natural subdued
tepidity in the
Asphaltites,
air.
which,
Aaron.
In this country also
from
its
magnitude
2
the lake
is
and
Pitch-pine.
the
—
—
-cory's ancient fragments.
82
Dead Sea
stillness of its waters, is called the
;
for, it
by the winds, because the bituminous matter, with which all its water is clogged, is
neither agitated
resists
even hurricanes
and
it
;
nor does
it
admit of naviga-
inanimate substances sink to the bottom;
tion, for all will
support no wood,
except such as
is
smeared with alum."
Extracted from the Philippine
History
the
of fustin,
Abbreviator of
Trogns
Pompeius.
CONCERNING BELUS. From Eupolemus. "
who
For the Babylonians say that the first was Belus, is the same as Kronus. And from him de-
scended Belus and Chanaan
;
and
this
Chanaan was
the father of the Phoenicians. " is
Another of
called
his sons
was Khum,
(i.e.,
by the Greeks Asbolus, the
Ham), who
father of the
Ethiopians, and the brother of Mestraim, 1 the father of the Egyptians.
The Greeks
say,
moreover, that
Atlas was the discoverer of astrology."
from
Eusebitis, Praep.
Evang. Book y
Extracted
ix.
From Thallus. "
Thallus makes mention of Belus, the King of the
Assyrians, and Kronus, (Saturn) the Titan, and says, 1
Mizraim.
——
—
cory's ancient fragments.
83
made war against Zeus, who are called gods. He
that Belus, with the Titans, (Jupiter)
and
his compeers,
Gygus was
says, moreover, that
Tartessus "
smitten,
fled to
(in Spain).
According
to the history of Thallus, Belus pre-
ceded the Trojan war 322 years."
ad
and
From
Theophylact
Autolycus, 281-2.
OF THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE. From " In like
manner,
all
Ktesias. the other kings succeeded,
the son receiving the empire from his father, being altogether thirty in their generations to Sardanapalus.
In his time the empire passed to the
Medes from
the Assyrians, having remained with them upwards of 1,360 years, according to the account of Ktesias the Cnidian, in his second book."
Diodorus Siculus, Book
ii.
p. jy.
From Diodorus "In
the
manner above
Extracted from
Siculus.
related, the
empire of the
Assyrians, after having continued from Ninus thirty
and more than 1,400 years, was finally dissolved by the Medes." Extracted from Diodorus
generations,
Siculus,
Book
ii.
p. 81,
— cory's ancient fragments.
84
From Herodotus. "
The Medes were
from the Assyrians,
the
who began
first
after
they had maintained the
dominion over Upper Asia years."
the revolt
for
a period of 520
— Extracted from Herodotus,
Book
i.
ch. 95.
OF NABOPOLLASAR. From Alexander Polyhistor. "
Nabopollasar,
(whom Alexander
Polyhistor calls
Sardanapallus), sent to Astyages, the satrap of Media,
and demanded
his daughter,
Amuites, 1 in marriage
Nabuchodonosor [Nebuchadnezzar]. He was the commander of the army of Saracus, King for his son,
of the Chaldeans, and, having been sent upon expedition, turned
his
marched against the Saracus, confused palace,
arms against Saracus, and
city of
by
his
and burnt himself
Ninus (Nineveh).
approach, set in
it.
And
obtained the empire of the Chaldeans. father
From
of
Nabuchodonosor"
Eusebius' Ckronicon, 46.
1
some
Amytis.
fire
But to his
Nabopollasar
He
was the
[Nebuchadnezzar].
:
cory's ancient fragments.
85
OF THE CHALDEAN AND ASSYRIAN KINGS. From Alexander
Polyhistor.
" In addition to the above, Polyhistor continues thus
After the deluge, says he, Evexius held possession of the country of the Chaldeans during a period of four neri. belus,
And
who
he was succeeded by his son, Comos-
held the empire four neri and five sossi.
But, from the time of Xisuthrus 1 and the Flood, to that
period at which the lon,
there were
Medes took
altogether
possession of Baby-
86 kings.
Polyhistor
enumerates and mentions each of them by name,
from the volume of Berossus reigns of
all
when their power was thus firmly Medes suddenly levied forces against
But,
established, the
Babylon to surprise kings chosen from
224 years
Then these
it,
and
among
to place
upon the throne
themselves.
He, (Poly-
then gives the names of the Median kings,
eight in number,
years.
the duration of the
which kings comprehends a period of
33,091 years.
histor),
;
;
who
reigned during the period of
and, again, eleven kings during
Then 49
2 .
.
.
.
kings of the Chaldeans, 458 years.
nine kings of the Arabians, 245 years. After successive periods of years,
he
Semiramis reigned over the Assyrians.
states
And
all
that
again
he minutely enumerates the names of 45 kings, assigning to them a term of 526 years. After whom, 1
Khasis-Adra.
2
No number
is
given in the original text.
—
cory's ancient fragments.
86
he
was a king of the Chaldeans whose
says, there
name
was Phulus, of
whom
also the historical writ-
Hebrews make mention under the name
ings of the
of Phulus (Pul), who, they say, invaded the country
Extractedfrom the Armenian Chroni-
of the Jews."
con of Etisebius, 39.
OF SENNACHERIB. From Alexander " After the
Polyhistor.
reign of the brother of Senecherib, Akises
reigned over the Babylonians
governed
for the space of
and,
;
when he had
30 days, he was
slain
by
Marodach Baladanus, who held the empire by force during six months and he was slain, and succeeded ;
by a person named
Elibus.
his reign, Senecherib,
1
But, in the 3rd year of
king of the Assyrians, levied
an army against the Babylonians
;
and, in a battle in
which they were engaged, conquered him and took
him prisoner, with his adherents, and commanded them to be carried off into the land of the Assyrians. Having taken upon himself the government of the Babylonians, their king,
he appointed his son Assordanius, 2
and
he, (Sennacherib), again retired into
Assyria. "
When
made a 1
hostile descent
Belibus, in the
Cylinder. 2
he received a report that the Greeks had
upon
Cilicia,
Annals of Sennacherib, of the Bellino
(See Records of the Past, vol.
Esarhaddon.
he marched
i.,
p. 26.)
— cory's ancient fragments. against them, and fought with
them a pitched
though he suffered great
in which,
&j battle
loss in his
;
own
army, he overthrew them, and upon the spot he erected the statue of himself as a victory
upon
it
and ordered
;
in the
Tarsus
it
to posterity.
He
down
And,
he called Tharsis.
after
the
built also the
after the likeness of Babylon,
;
of his
prowess to be inscribed
Chaldaean characters, to hand
remembrance of city of
his
monument
which
enumerating the
vari-
ous exploits of Sinnecherim, (Sennacherib), he adds that he reigned 18 years, and
was cut
off
by a con-
spiracy,
which had been formed against his
his son
Ardu-Musanus."
A mien.
Extracted
from
life
by
Eusebins,
Chron., 42.
OF SENNACHERIB AND HIS SUCCESSORS. From Alexander Polyhistor. "
And
after
him
(Pul),
according to
Polyhistor,
Senecherib was king.
[The Chaldaean
makes mention of Senecherib himself, and Asordanus (Esarhaddon) his son, and Marodach Baladanus, as well as Nabuhistorian also
chodonosorus.] 1 "
And
and
Sinecherim (Sennacherib) reigned 18 years
after
years. 1
him
his son
;
(Esarhaddon) reigned eight
Then Sammuges (Saulmugina
?)
reigned 2
These remarks, within brackets, are by Eusebius.
£
cory's ancient fragments.
&8
and likewise
years,
brother
his
21
years.
Nabupalsar, (Nabopollassar), reigned 20 years
him
after
Nabucodrossorus,
Then ;
and
(Nebuchadnezzar),
reigned 43 years. Therefore, from Sinecherim to Nabucodrossorus
comprehended a period altogether of 88 years. After Samuges, Sardanapallus 1 the Chaldean, reigned
is
He
21 years.
army
sent an
to the
assistance of
Astyages the Mede, Prince and Satrap of the family, that
he might give Amunhean, 2 the daughter of
Astyages, to his son Nabucodrossorus (Nebuchadnezzar). Then Nabucodrossorus reigned 43 years, and he came with a mighty army, and led the Jews, and Phoenicians, and Syrians into captivity. And after
Nabucodrossorus, his
(Evil-Merodach
— man,
i.e.,
son,
Amilmarudochus,
Servant of Merodach),
reigned 12 years.
And
after him, Neglisarus
(Neriglissor), reigned
over the Chaldaeans 4 years and then Nabodenus, (Nabonidus), reigned 17 years. In his reign, Cyrus, ;
the son of Cambyses, invaded the country of the
Babylonians.
Nabodenus, (Nabonidus), went out to
give him battle, but was defeated, and betook himself to flight
He
was
and Cyrus reigned
;
killed,
took place
1
however,
in the plain of
Nabopollasar, sec
in
Babylon 9 years. another battle, which at
Daas. After him Cambyses
p. 84.
2
Amytis.
cory's ancient fragments.
reigned 8 years
then Darius 36 years
;
89 ;
and
after
him, Xerxes, and the other kings of the Persian line."
—Extracted from
Euseb. Armen.
Ckron., pp.
41,
42, 44, 45-
OF SENNACHERIB AND HIS SUCCESSORS. From Abydenus. "At
same
the
to his
who was among the
twenty-fifth,
can hardly be recognized
Senecherib, kings.
time, the
was he who subjected the city of Babylon power, and defeated and sunk a Grecian fleet It
upon the coast of Cilicia. He built also a temple at Athens, and erected brazen statues, upon which he engraved his own exploits. And he built the city of Tarsus, after the plan and likeness of Babylon, that the river
Cydnus should flow through Tarsus,
in the
same manner as the Euphrates intersected Babylon. Next in order after him reigned Nergilus (Neriglissor ?), who was assassinated by his son Adramelus, (Adrammelech ?) and he also was slain by Axerdes (Sharezer ?), his brother by the same father but of a different mother,
and shut
it
up
Byzantines).
mercenary
in the city of
who pursued Byzantium,
Axerdes was the
soldiers,
a follower of the
one of
wisdom
first
whom was
his
army,
{lit.,
of the
that
levied
Pythagoras,
of the Chaldeans
;
he also
—
90
;;
cory's ancient fragments.
•
reduced under his dominion Egypt, and the country
came Sardanapallus. 1
of Coele-Syria, from whence "
After him, Saracus reigned over the Assyrians
and when he was informed that a very great multitude of barbarians had come up from the sea to attack him, he sent Busalossorus, as his general, in haste to
Babylon.
But he, having with a treasonable design
obtained Amuhean, [Amytis], the daughter of Astyages, the prince of the Medes, to be affianced to his
son Nabuchodrossorus, (Nebuchadnezzar), marched straightway to
surprise
the
of
city
Ninus,
i.e.,
Nineveh. " But,
when
Saracus, the king, was apprized of
these proceedings, he burnt the royal palace.
all
And
2
Nabuchodrossorus, (Nebuchadnezzar), succeeded to the empire, and surrounded Babylon with a strong
Extracted from Euseb.
wall."
Arm.
Chron. 53.
OF BELUS AND THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE. From "
Belus, says Castor,
Castor.
was king of the Assyrians
and, under him, the Cyclops assisted Jupiter with
thunderbolts and lightnings, in his contest with the Titans. 1
At
The name
persons leaves {i.e.,
2
that
it
time there were kings
Sardanapalus
being
applied
to
of
the
various
doubtful whether Saracus or Busalossorus,
Nabopollassar), be intended.
Or
y
original,
entrusted the palace to Egoritus.
according to the Armenian editor.
Doubtful
in the
;
cory's ancient fragments. Titans, one of
whom was
Ogygus.
91
(After a short
digression he proceeds to say,) that the giants, in
by the assistance of Hercules and Dionysus, who were themselves of the Titan race. Belus, whom we have their attempted inroads
upon the gods, were
slain
1
mentioned above, was,
esteemed a
after his death,
After him, Ninus reigned over the Assyrians
god.
He
52 years.
married Semiramis, who, after his
Then
decease, reigned over the Assyrians 42 years.
Zames, (who
is
the
same
as Ninyas,) reigned. .(Then
he enumerates each of the successive kings
in order,
all, down to Sardanapallus, by names whose names, and the length
and mentions them their respective
:
of their reigns,
we
mentions them
in his
1
shall also give presently.
Canon
in the following
Castor
words)
:
We have first digested into a Canon the kings of the commencing with Belus
Assyrians,
have no certain his reign,
tradition
we have merely
commenced
it
set
down
his
series
with another
name, and
from Ninus Ninus,
obtained the empire after Sardanapallus this
we
respecting the length of
the chronological
and have concluded
but, since
:
;
who
that,
in
manner, the whole length of the time, as well
as of the reign of each king, might be plainly set forth.
Thus,
it
will
be found, that the complete sum
1 Dionysus is the Greek name for Bacchus. It is of Assyrian origin, being properly *»D^ VH DAYAN-NISI, i.e. r '
Judge of Men, ox Ruler of Men, a as a deity.
title
'-T
of the Sun, (Shamas)
—
cory's ancient fragments.
92
1280.'"
of the years amounts to
Arm.
Euseb.
— Extracted
from
Chron., p. 81.
From Damascius. "
But the
Babylonians,
the
like
Barbarians, pass over in silence the
of the universe, and
the
of
rest
One
principle
they constitute two,
Tauthe
and Apason, making Apason the husband of Tauthe, and denominating her the 'mother of the gods/ And, from these proceeds an only-begotten son, Moymis, which,
conceive,
I
no other than the
is
intelligible
world proceeding from the two principles. them,
also,
Dachus
;
another progeny
and again a
from which Illinus,
is
And
and Aus.
Anus and Aus and Davke is born
of
proceed,
a son called Belus, who, they say, the world
Dache and
Kissare and Assorus,
third,
three others
last
derived,
From
—the Demiurgus."
is
the fabricator of
*
From Agathias. "
But Jupiter they
they
call
they
call
Sandes,
2
call
Belus,
and Venus
differently
;
as
and Hercules they
Anaitis,
Berosus the
and the
rest
Babylonian,
and Athenocles and Simacos, among others who have written the Medes, have
antiquities of the Assyrians
related."
De
and
rebus gestis Justiniani,
ed.
Bonaventitrcz, Parisiis, 1650.
1 For illustration and explanation of this fragment see The Chaldaean Account of Genesis, pp. 64, 66.
2
Samdan
in Assyrian.
THE FRAGMENTS OF
THE EGYPTIAN HISTORIES CONTAINING
THE OLD CHRONICLE THE REMAINS OF MANETHO ;
;
AND
THE LATERCULUS OF ERATOSTHENES.
INTRODUCTION. ABYDENUS Was
a Greek writer, contemporary with, and disciple
of Berosus,
the Chaldean, about B.C.
268.
He
wrote a history of the Chaldean empire, fragments of
which are preserved to us bius, Cyrillus,
Abydenus,
Euse-
Some regard him as Palaephatus, who was also an
and Syncellus.
same person
the
in the writings of
i.e.,
as
a native of the city Abydus.
MEGASTHENES, A
Greek historian and geographer, who was sent by Seleucus Nicator as ambassador to India, about On his return he wrote a book on India, 295 B.C. which has unfortunately perished, with the exception of such fragments as are preserved in the works of Strabo, Josephus, and Arrian.
The
fragments of the
Indica have been collected and published by Schwandeck with notes y
and explanations (Bonn, 1846). They
are also to be found, with a Latin translation, in
Mullers Fragmenta
Grceca.
cory's ancient fragments.
96
ERATOSTHENES Was
an African by
Strabo
calls
he found
in
He
him.
the pride of Cyrene, as
reduced two sciences, which
their infancy, to a
He
and chronology. held,
birth,
system
—geography
was born about 276
B.C.,
and
under Euergetes, king of Egypt, the honourable
post of Director of the Alexandrian Library. researches
into
His
Egyptian history and chronology
were undertaken by command of the King, and, consequently, with every advantage that royal patronage
They were more especially devoted so-called Theban kings," and were completed
could procure. to the "
and edited by Apollodorus, the chronographer.
APOLLODORUS, To whom we
are indebted for the preservation of
some of these precious fragments, was a native of Athens, the son of Asclepiades, and pupil of Aris-
He
tarchus.
flourished about B.C.
140,
and con-
tinued the chronological researches of Eratosthenes of Cyrene. lodorus,"
He
is
styled " the chronographer, Apol-
by Clement, Bishop of Alexandria, and, by
Diodorus Siculus, he
is
distinguished as " Apollodorus,
a
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
who
treats of the
besides theca
He
computation of time."
wrote,
mythological work called the Biblio-
his
—of
97
which we possess three entire books
chronicle in
—
iambic verse, comprising a period of
1040 years from the Trojan war down to his own time.
He
was, in
grammarian by
fact,
both a chronographer and
profession.
Eratosthenes was the
founder of chronology and geography dorus, having taken
;
and Apollo-
up the interrupted researches of
Eratosthenes, became the publisher and continuator of his work.
JULIUS AFRICANUS. Julius Africanus, or the African,
Emmaus
the third century.
He
is
regarded as the
of the Lists of Manetho, and piled a
was Bishop of
[Nicopolis], in Judaea, at the beginning of
chronological work,
is
in
first
editor
said to have five
books,
com-
all
of
which, excepting only a few fragments, have unfortunately perished.
These precious
relics
admirably arranged Sacrce, vol.
iii.
have been collected and
by Routh,
They
in
his
exhibit throughout the
of judgment, integrity, and information collecting
Reliquice
;
man
zealous in
and examining the oldest Chaldean and
Egyptian records, especially those of Berosus and Manetho.
—
cory's ancient fragments.
98
As he
did not attempt
the arrangement of a
system of Annals with a regular notation of syn-
he gave the traditions unadulterated,
chronisms, just
as
he found them, contenting himself with
own
proving from their
internal evidence the extra-
vagance of those myriads of years admitted
in the
computation of his Pagan opponents.
He
would seem, however,
formation of a scheme
to
have attempted the
of dates,
according to the
scriptural years of the world, with incidental
nota-
tions of synchronisms, in order to bring the Bible-
history
into
chronology.
a certain connection with the Greek
We
know from
ment of Africanus
Syncellus and a frag-
himself,
that
he assumed the
year of the world 5500, (which we, following the
Hebrew
text,
according to Archbishop Usher,
make
4004), to be that of the Incarnation of Jesus Christ.
This assumption, which upon
his
authority has
remained a standard dogma with the Fathers of the
Greek Church,
calculations of the
Sir Isaac
in
is,
Newton
;
far preferable
truth,
to the
Western Churches and those of it rests, however, upon wholly
conjectural grounds.
According
to Africanus, following the Septuagint
computation, A.M. The Flood occurred The Birth of Abraham-
Joseph's Death
The Exodus
2262
-----
of the Israelites from
Egypt
2302 3563 3705
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
99 A.M.
Building of Solomon's Temple
Olympiad
First
after the
(Contemporaneous
-
Exodus 1020 with
-
4457
-
4725
•
Jotham,
King of Judah). Beginning of the Reign of Cyrus, King of Persia (In the
The
-
-
.'
-
-
4942
year of the 55th Olympiad).
first
Birth of Christ
From
-
this table
-
we
-
-
-
5500
see that Africanus, in the
disputed dates, adheres to the Alexandrian tradition
;
he,
consequently, assumes 215 years for the
sojourn of the Israelites in Egypt.
But neither the
Bible,
least explanation of the
nor Josephus, affords the
744 years assigned by him Exodus and the building
as the period between the
of the Temple. sideration that,
We it is
must, however, take into con-
with him a settled thing, that the
Ogyges and the reign of Olympiad was 1020 years.
period from the Flood of
Phoroneus to the
He assigns
first
same period for the interval between Moses and Solomon and agrees with Josephus in this
;
admitting 25 years for Joshua. Africanus fortifies himself in this delusion on the subject of Greek
synchronisms by two totally inadmissible assumptions.
First,
by a statement of Polemus,
that in
the time of Apis, son of Phoroneus, a portion of the Egyptian
army
left their
own
blished themselves in Palestine
;
country, and esta-
by upon no
and, secondly,
a statement in the text of Apion, (resting
cory's ancient fragments.
ioo
better authority than that of Ptolemy the
the
to
sian),
in
effect that,
Mende-
the time of Inachus, 1
under the reign of Amos, Moses led the
Israelites
This gives us a key to his asser-
out of Egypt.
tion in this version of the Lists of
Manetho, that
Moses withdrew from Egypt under Amos, the of the
1
8th dynasty.
Amos
tion that
above statement of
But, the
Ptolemy the Mendesian
on the assump-
rests solely
destroyed Avaris, the stronghold of
the Hyk-sos, or Shepherd- Kings.
Admitting
the only conclusion to be drawn from that the expulsion of the
was ascribed
to
Hyk-sos from
From
Amos.
it
was the
so-called
this,
would
it
all
Egypt
we
learn,
Mephra-Tuthmosis, (whose
reign cannot be placed earlier than fifth in the of the
1
8th dynasty),
convention with
who
the
be,
the notices, however,
contained in Manetho's historical work, that
chief
list
occupied Avaris after his
Hyk-sos.
It
however,
is,
Exodus with That they were
altogether nugatory to confound the
the
expulsion
of
the
Hyk-sos.
even contemporary events seems irreconcilable with
any
The
traces of historical truth in the
Book
of Exodus.
love of synchronisms exercised an evil
fatal
upon the worthy Africanus, and thus prevented any close examination of Manetho's account. Abridged and adapted from Bunsen's Egypt's influence
—
-
Place in History\ pp. 212 1
The
first
— 217.
king of Argos,
B.C.
1910.
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
IOI
ALEXANDER POLYHISTOR. This writer was born
in Ionia or Phrygia,
K rates. On
a pupil of the grammarian his great
and was
account of
fame as a scholar he obtained the epithet of Captured in the war which the Romans
Polyhistor.
waged
against Mithridates, king of Pontus, he
was
bought by Cornelius Lentulus, who made him tutor
He
to his sons.
men
received from his master the cogno-
among the became known as
of Cornelius, (a custom then in use
Romans)
and, as a freed-man,
;
He
Alexander Cornelius Polyhistor. in the
time of the dictator Sylla, that
and perished
Lentulus was destroyed.
We
are chiefly indebted
Suidas, for
what
of Byzantium,
little
is
Rome
about 85 B.C.,
by which the house of He was a voluminous
in the flames
writer, but unfortunately his
lived at
works have
to the
all
perished.
Byzantine writer,
we know of Polyhistor. Stephen
(De Urbibus
et Populis),
says that
Polyhistor was a native of Cotiaei, a city of Phrygia, that he
was
either a son, or a disciple of Asclepiades,
and that he wrote forty-two books on
all
kinds of
subjects.
Clemens
of Alexandria 1 quotes
book of a work,
1
"
Concerning the
Clemens Alex. Stromata,
p.
from the
Jews" and
first
Eusebius
332, cd Sylburg.
cory's ancient fragments.
102
him
of
speaks
also,
Richter 2 says
it
him
praise. 1
56,
much
for
that he
xiii.
is
relates in
(Vide Pliny, Historia Nat.
his Natural History. ix.
highest
the
cannot be doubted that Pliny
greatly indebted to
2i, vii. 49,
with
iii.
xvi. 6, xxxvi. 17, edit.
39,
Harduin.) Plutarch and Photius, (cod. 188), have also mentioned Polyhistor
but
;
we have no
proof that Poly-
had himself read the books of Berosus the Chaldaean, because he appeals to Apollodorus in
histor
reference to subjects related
by the former.
SYNCELLUS. George the Syncellus, the
(i.e.
the cell-companion), of
Greek Patriarch of Constantinople, (Byzantium),
was born about
a.d.
He
800.
is
the author of a
chronography, which extends from the Creation of the world
down
to a.d. 284.
upon the authority of both of
whom
1
2
I
Julius Africanus
he accuses of serious
and Eusebius,
errors.
To
this
a.d.
for
Eusebius, in his Praeparatio Evangelica.
In
p. 33.
rests chiefly
— continued down to 813, by Theophanes saurian — we are indebted several fragments
work the
His work
his Berosi
Book
Chaldceorum Histories qua
Leipsig, 1825.
ix. 17.
stipersunt,
— Cory's ancient fragments.
103
of Berosus, Manetho, and other writers whose works
have long since perished. Further information concerning these writers Apollodorus, canus,
Manetho, Julius Afri-
Eratosthenes,
and Syncellus
—with
a
critical
estimate of
the value of their respective systems of chronology, will
be found
in the learned
work of Baron Bunsen,
Egypt's Place in Universal History, vol. I
am
greatly indebted.
i.,
to
which
—
INTRODUCTION TO THE LISTS OF MANETHO. Before the
sera of the
Ptolemies no native work was
accessible to the Greeks, either
on the doctrine, the Manetho, an
chronology, or the history of Egypt.
Egyptian
priest,
of Sebennytus, undertook to supply
the deficiency in regard to each of these branches,
and thereby formed an epoch
in the researches of
the Greeks, and of the Egyptians themselves.
His
work comprised a period of 3,555 years, from Menes, the first human monarch of Egypt, down to Alexander the Great. " The period," says Syncellus, "of the hundred and thirteen generations, described by Manetho in his three volumes, comhistorical
prises a
and
sum
fifty-five
thousand
total of three
years
that
;"
to the death of the
is,
five
younger Nectanebo, the
the native kings of Egypt. centuries belonged to the
Of
Old Empire, nine
to the
Manetho, whose
Egyptian name was clearly Manethoth
or
last of
this period, thirteen
Middle, and thirteen to the New. thoth —
hundred
from the time of Menes
i.e.,
Ma-n-
who was given by Thoth," (the Mercury Hermes of the Egyptians,) is known to ancient "
he
authors as a priest of Sebennytus, living in high estimation at the court of the
first
Ptolemy, the son
It is probable that surnamed Soter. Manetho also lived under Ptolemy Philadelphus II., since the authors of the Apotelesmata, and the Book
of Lagus,
cory's ancient fragments.
of Sothis, or the Dog-star,
105
who usurped
his
name,
dedicated their forgery to that king.
Manetho, the Egyptian scholar and
priest, evi-
dently owes his high reputation to the merit of being the
who
first
critic
upon
distinguished himself as a writer and
and philosophy, as well as chro-
religion
nology and history
using the Greek language, but
;
drawing his materials from native sources, especially the Sacred Books of his nation. "Manetho, the tian,"
Egyp-
says Eusebius, "not only reduced the whole
Egyptian history into a Greek form, but also their entire 1
system of theology, in his
The Sacred
treatise, entitled
Book,' as well as in other works."
Theodoret, Bishop of Cyrus, 1 in the second quarter of the
century, describes
fifth
de Therapeut), as
" the
is
by
—the
personage
Osiris,
deities."
man whom ;
and
is
all
Aristotle
1
Or
honour
hand of
our ancient authori-
become almost a mytho-
his works, with the exception
time.
What
away by the
the
school
of
had prepared, and Manetho, under Greek
Cyropolis, in Syria, a city built of,
Manetho
historian, sage,
of a few fragments, have been swept destructive
Apis and
Diogenes Laer-
This distinguished
mention with respect,
logical
and
Plutarch, ^Elian,
and Suidas.
and scholar ties
Isis
and the other Egyptian
also quoted
tius,
ii.
author of a mythological
work, or works, concerning Serapis,
Manetho (Sermon
and in gratitude
their nation
to,
by the Jews
in
Cyrus, as the liberator of
from Babylonian servitude.
cory's ancient fragments.
106
auspices, but with
Egyptian learning, had matured,
Eratosthenes of Cyrene, and Apollodorus of Athens carried to perfection
by
so that,
;
their efforts, the
common
chronology of Egypt became the
Unfortunately, nothing remains of the
of mankind.
number of kings
labours of Apollodorus except the for the
property
middle Empire
while Eratosthenes's register
;
of the earlier Pharaohs has reached us only in a
meagre epitome.
To George
tium, (Constantinople),
we
Syncellus of Byzan-
are indebted for an extract
from a work of Eratosthenes devoted to the subject of Egyptian chronology, which he introduces with the following
prefatory
remarks
:
—
"
Apollodorus,
the chronographer, has described another dynasty of
Egyptian kings, called Thebans, thirty-eight
whose united reigns comprised
ber,
num-
in
1,076
years.
This succession extends from the year of the world, 2900 (or, according to Syncellus, from the 124th year after the Confusion of Tongues), to the year Eratosthenes,
3975.
by Apollodorus),
(as stated
compiled his notices of these kings from Egyptian
monuments and lists, by order arranged their names each with
—
tion
— in the following order."
Kings beginning with Menes with
its
Greek list
tosthenes,
its
is
Greek
Then follows a
and
transla-
List of
— every Egyptian name
translation annexed.
years for each reign
have a
of the King,
The number
also subjoined.
of Egyptian kings,
of
Thus we
drawn up by Era-
and edited by Apollodorus, the chrono-
cory's ancient fragments.
grapher
beginning with
;
added
to
another
it
continuity of succession.
and
all
Menes, and containing
1,076 years
thirty-eight reigns in self
107
list
—the editor him-
of fifty-three kings, in
But, having, like Josephus,
the Christian chronographers, placed
and the Exodus
Moses
at the beginning of the eighteenth
dynasty, what, then, was to be done with the other fifty-three kings
dynasty
?
It
who
is,
reigned before the eighteenth
then, to this circumstance that
we
are indebted for the copious extracts from Manetho's
work of the names of the kings of that dynasty. Eratosthenes began his labours with Menes, and, no doubt, concluded them with some historical
notable
epoch
—
sortie
important
historical
crisis.
This event was unquestionably the invasion of the Shepherds, and the occupation of the Egyptian throne
by the Shepherd-kings, (the Hyk-sos) for the whole history of Egypt turned upon this event, as proved by the monuments and attested by Manetho. Eratosthenes, therefore, must be our guide for the chronology of the Old Empire, so long as his data are in harmony with those derived from the monuments. The Old Empire terminated with the third ;
king of the thirteenth dynasty
;
the occupation of
Memphis by the Shepherd-kings was the commencement of the Middle Empire, and their expulsion that of the New. For the Middle Empire
the throne of
we must lists
follow Apollpdorus of Athens,
of kings furnished
for,
if
the
by Eratosthenes embraced
—
cory's ancient fragments.
108
the Old Empire, Apollodorus must have
commenced
with the Middle Empire, for his fifty-three kings follow immediately
upon those of Eratosthenes.
Nor
can there be any reasonable doubt as to the extent of the period they occupied.
Syncellus did not deign
to transcribe their names, because they
him
The names
utterly useless.
appeared to
of the kings of the
eighteenth Dynasty consequently were not
among
them, for he was not only well acquainted with those, but considered them of
the greatest
importance.
Syncellus subjected this Dynasty, (the eighteenth,) to
a very careful analysis, because the birth of Moses
and the Exodus were connected with
it.
The
labours of Apollodorus did not, therefore, extend to the as
New
Empire.
Such an hypothesis were indeed,
Bunsen remarks, hardly
Manetho
in itself admissible,
assigns, at most, fifty-seven
for
Theban kings
of the thirteenth Dynasty to this period, and those of Apollodorus are also expressly called Thebans. Lastly, the correspondence
three in
between the number
Apollodorus, and
fifty-seven
in
fifty-
Manetho,
were as close as could reasonably be expected or desired as an argument in favour of their identity of period.
Everything, therefore, combines, as Bun-
sen states, to show the probability of our having
discovered
the
true
system of Eratosthenes
Apollodorus, and with
it
standing of the Lists of Manetho.
Place in History, 142-144,
and
a key to the right under-
Bunsen s Egypt's
et passim.
—
MAN
ETH
Of the Writing ff
It remains, therefore, to
O.
of Manetho.
make
certain extracts con-
cerning the dynasties of the Egyptians, from the writings of Manetho, the Sebennyte, the high-priest
of the idolatrous temples of Egypt, in the time of
Ptolemaeus Philadelphus.
own
These, according to his
account, he copied from the inscriptions which
were engraved, characters,
in the sacred dialect
upon the columns
land by Thoth, the
Greek
and committed
up
in the Seriadic
Hermes, (Mercury)
;
were translated from the sacred
after the Flood, lect into the
first
set
and hierographic
and dia-
tongue, in hieroglyphic characters,
to writing in books,
and deposited by
Agathodsemon, the son of the second Hermes, the father of Tat, (Taut of the Phoenician mythology), in the penetralia of the
He
temples of Egypt.
has
addressed and explained them to Philadelphus, the
second king (of Egypt)
who bore
the
name
of Ptole-
maeus, in the book which he has entitled Sothis, (or
This
the Dog-star). "
The "
To
phus 1
:
epistle is as follows
:
Manetho, 1 the Sebennyte, to Ptolemy Philadelphus.
Epistle
of
the great and august King, Ptolemy Philadel-
Manetho, the High-priest and Scribe of the
This Epistle
is
now
generally regarded as that of the
pseudo-Manetho not the Manetho who wrote the kings, but one who assumed and abused his name. ;
lists
of
— CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
IIO
sacred adyta in Egypt, being by birth a Sebennyte
and a
citizen of Heliopolis, to his sovereign Ptolemy,
humbly greeting
:
" It is right for us,
attention to
all
most mighty King,
things which
it
should take into consideration.
is
to
pay due
your pleasure
we
In answer, then, to
your inquiries concerning the things which shall
come to pass in the world, I shall, according to your commands, lay before you what I have gathered from the sacred books written by Hermes Trismegistus,
our forefather.
Sovereign. — ,,
Farewell,
Syncel. Chron. 40.
my
Prince and
Euseb. Chron. '
—
—
M A N E T H O. THE EGYPTIAN DYNASTIES. The Dynasty The
i
(Vulcan),
of the Demigods.
of the Egyptian kings was Hephaestus,
st
who
reigned 724 and a half years and four
days.
The 2nd was
Helios
(i.e.
the Sun), the son of
Hephaestus (who reigned) &6 years.
Agathodaemon, who reigned 56 and a half years and ten days. 3rd,
Kronus (Saturn) 40 and a Osiris and Isis, 35 years.
4th, 5th,
6th, 7th,
.
.
years.
.
Typhon, 29
half years.
years.
Horus, the demigod, 25 years. 6th, Ares (Mars), the demigod, 23 years. 8th,
10th, Anubis, the
nth, Heracles
demigod, 17 years.
(i.e.
Hercules)
the
demigod,
years. 1
2th, Apollo, the
13th,
Ammon,
demigod, 25 years.
the demigod, 30 years.
demigod, 27 years. 15th, Sosus, the demigod, 32 years. 14th, Tithoes, the
1
6th, Zeus,
[i.e.,
Syncel. Chron. 19.
Jupiter], the
demigod, 20 years.
Euseb. Chron.
7.
15
2
cory's ancient fragments.
1 1
THE EGYPTIAN DYNASTIES AFTER THE DELUGE.
The i.
First
After the dead demigods, the
sisted of eight kings, of
the Thinite
wound 2.
the
Dynasty.
;
whom
first
he reigned 62 years,
dynasty con-
was Menes and perished by a
the
first
received from a hippopotamus.
Athothis, his son, reigned 57 years palaces
at
Memphis, and
;
he
built
the anatomical
left
books, for he was a physician. 3.
4.
Kenkenes,
his son, reigned 31 years.
Venephes, his son, reigned 23 years. In his Egypt. He
time a great plague raged through erected the pyramids near Cochome. 5.
Usaphaedus, his son, reigned 20 years.
6.
Miebidus, his son, reigned 26 years.
7.
Semempsis,
his son, reigned 18 years.
In his
reign a terrible pestilence afflicted Egypt. 8.
Bieneches, his son, reigned 26 years.
The whole number
of years
amounted
to 253 [or
263, according to the true reckoning].
The Second Dynasty Consisted of nine Thinite kings. 1.
tus, 2.
During chasm of the earth opened near Bubas-
Boethus the First reigned 38 years.
his reign a
and many persons perished.
Kaeachos reigned 39
years.
Under him
the
CORY
Apis
bulls,
Heliopolis,
ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
S
I I
3
Memphis, and Meneus, (Mnevis), in and the Mendesian goat, were appointed in
to be gods.
Binothris reigned 47 years.
3.
decided that
women might
In his time
it
was
hold the imperial govern-
ment.
it
4.
Tlas reigned
1
7 years.
5.
Sethenes reigned 41 years.
6.
Chseres (reigned) 17 years.
7.
Nephercheres (reigned) 25 years.
is
said that the Nile flowed with
In his time
honey during
eleven days. 8.
Sesochris,
whose height was
and
five cubits
his
breadth three, (reigned) 48 years. 9.
Cheneres 30 years.
The whole number
of years
The Third Of 1.
nine
Memphite
is
302.
Dynasty,
kings.
Necherophes reigned 28 years.
In his time
the Libyans revolted from the Egyptians
;
but,
on
account of an unexpected increase of the moon, they surrendered themselves for 2.
Tosorthrus reigned
Asclepius
[i.e.,
his medical
stones, 3.
fear.
He
29 years.
is
called
Aesculapius], by the Egyptians, for
knowledge.
He
and greatly patronised
Tyris reigned 7 years.
H
built a
house of hewn
writing.
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
114
5.
Mesochris 17 years. Soiphis [or, Souphis] 16 years.
6.
Tosertasis 19 years.
7.
Achis
8.
Siphuris 30 years.
9.
Kerpheres 26 years.
4.
[or,
Aches] 42 years.
Altogether 214 years.
The Fourth Dynasty, Of eight Memphite 1.
kings of a different race.
Soris reigned 29 years.
Suphis reigned 63 years. He built the largest pyramid. He was also called Peroptes, and was 2.
translated to the gods,
and wrote the sacred book.
3.
Suphis (or Cheops) reigned 66 years.
4.
Mencheres (Men-ke-ra) 63
5.
Ratoeses 25 years.
6.
Bicheres 22 years.
7.
Sebercheres 7 years.
8.
Thamphthis 9
years.
years.
Altogether 274 years [or 284, according to the correct computation.]
The Fifth Dynasty, Consisting of nine Elephantine kings. 1.
Usercheris reigned 28 years.
2.
Sephres 13 years. Nephercheres 20 years.
3.
.
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS. 4.
Sisiris* 7 years.
5.
Cheres 20 years.
6.
Rathuris 44 years..
7.
Mencheres 9
8.
Tarcheres
9.
Obnos
years.
[or,
[or,
II5
Tatcheres] 44 years.
Onnos] 33
Altogether 248 years
[or,
years.
218 years.]
The Sixth Dynasty, Consisting of six
Memphite kings. who was killed by
1
Othoes, 30 years,
2.
Phius reigned 53 years.
3.
Methusuphis 7 years.
4.
Phiops,
and reigned
who began
till
to reign at six years of age,
he had completed his hundredth year.
5.
Menthesuphis reigned one year.
6.
Nitocris,
who was
the most
handsome woman
of her time, of a fair complexion third pyramid,
his guards.
and reigned 12
;
she built the
years.
Altogether 203 years.
The Seventh Dynasty, Of seventy Memphite
kings,
The Eighth Of
twenty- seven
146 years.
who
reigned 70 days.
Dynasty,
Memphite
kings,
who
reigned
—
—
corys ancient fragments.
il6
The Ninth Dynasty, Of
nineteen Heracleotic kings,
who
reigned 409
years.
The
was Achthoes, the worst of all his did much harm to all the inhabipredecessors. tants of Egypt, was seized with madness, and killed 1.
first
He
by a
crocodile.
The Tenth Dynasty, Consisting of nineteen
Heracleotic
kings,
who
reigned 185 years.
The Eleventh Dynasty, Consisting of sixteen kings,
who
Diospolite,
Among them Ammenemes, who
Theban),
reigned 16 years.
The sum total of the above-named who reigned 2,308 years and 70 days. cellus
(or
reigned 43 years.
Chronicon 54 )
to
59
kings
is
192,
From Syn-
Euseb. Chron., 14
and
15.
THE SECOND BOOK OF MANETHO. The Twelfth Of
seven Diospolite, (or Theban), kings.
i.
Geson Goses
or, Sesortosis], the
46
Dynasty,
[or,
Sesonchosis
or,
;
Sesortosis;
Ammanemes. He
son of
reigned
years. 2.
by
Ammanemes
He
reigned 38 years.
was
slain
his eunuchs. 3.
Asia
Sesostris 41 [or, 48] years. in nine years,
He
and Europe as
conquered
far as
all
Thrace
;
everywhere erecting monuments of his conquests of those nations
;
statues of
acted bravely, but figures
to
be the 4.
pillars.
By
sic]
as a
5.
6.
Ammenemes
7.
Skemiophris, his 1
who
tomb
Ammeres
Altogether
who
sexual organs is
supposed
after Osiris.
first
[
their
the Egyptians he
Lachares 8 years,
Arsenoite
nations
the degenerate he erected
women, engraving
of
upon the
among
men among
built the
Labyrinth
in
for himself.
reigned 8 years. 8 years. sister,
4
years.
60 years.
The Thirteenth Dynasty Consisted of 60 Diospolite, (or Theban), kings,
They reigned 453 Armenian copy of Eusebius).
whose names are {according to the
lost.
years.
—
8
cory's ancient fragments.
1 1
The Fourteenth Dynasty. who
Consisting of J6 Xoite kings,
484] years.
(The number 484
is
ruled 184 [or,
from the Armenian
version of Eusebius.)
The names
are entirely
lost.
The Fifteenth 1 Dynasty Of
the Hyk-shos or Shepherd-Kings.
There
were
six
Phoenician
i.e.,
or
This dynasty took Memphis,
Canaanitish kings.
and
foreign,
a city in the Sethroite nome, whence they
built
made an
invasion,
and conquered
all
Egypt.
Of
these 1.
Saites [or, Salatis] reigned 19 years, after
the Saite
nome
or district
is
3.
Beon [or, Bnon] reigned 44 years. Pachnan [or, Apachnas] 61 years.
4.
Staan 50 years.
5.
Archies
6.
Aphobis
2.
[or,
[or,
whom
called.
Assis] 49 years.
Apophis] 61 years.
Altogether 284 years.
The Sixteenth Dynasty Of
32 Grecian shepherds,
who
reigned 518 years.
The Seventeenth Dynasty Consisted of 43 shepherd-kings and 43 Thebans, [or, Diospolites.]
1
This
is
the Seventeenth
Dynasty according
to Eusebius.
.
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
The Shepherds and Thebans
II9
reigned altogether
151 years.
The Eighteenth Dynasty, Of
sixteen Diospolite,
Amos
{or,
Theban), kings.
whose time Moses went Egypt, as we have shown. 2. Chebros 13 years. 3. Amenophthis 24 years. 4. Amersis [or, Amensis] 22 years. 1.
5.
6.
;
in
Misaphris 13 years. Misphragmuthosis 26 years,
in
forth
from
whose time the
Flood of Deucalion happened. 7.
Tuthmosis reigned 9
years.
Amenophis 31 years. He is supposed to be 1 the Memnon, to whom the musical statue (in Egypt) was erected. 9. Horus reigned 37 years. 8.
10.
Acherrhes
[or,
1 1
Rathos
12.
Chebres 12 years.
1 3.
Acherrhes
14.
Armesses
15.
Ramesses
1
16.
Amenoph
[or,
[or,
The
Rathotis] 6 years.
[or, [or,
Altogether 263 1
Akenchres] 32 years.
Akenchres]
Armais]
1
2 years.
5 years.
year.
Amenophath] 19
years.
[or, 259].
researches of Pococke and Hamilton have long
since proved this to be the
Memnon
of the Ancients, while
the hieroglyphic labours of Champollion have established
the claims of
Amenoph
to the statues
he erected.
— CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
120
The Nineteenth Dynasty, Consisted of seven Diospolite, (or Theban), kings, i.
Sethos reigned 51 years.
2.
Rapsakes
3.
4. 5.
6.
[or,
Rampses] 61
Ammenephthes 20 Rameses 60 years.
years.
years.
Ammenemnes [or, Ammenemes] 5 years. who is called by Homer, Polybus.
Thuoris,
Alcandrus, 7 years, in whose time Troy), was taken. 7.
I lion,
{i.e.,
Altogether 209 years. In this second book of
96 kings, and
—Euseb.
2
121 years.
Chron. 15
to 17.
Manetho
are contained
Syncel. Chron. 59 to 75.
THE THIRD BOOK OF MANETHO.
The Twentieth Of
1
2 Diospolite, (or
Dynasty,
Theban), kings,
who
reigned
135 years.
The Twenty-first Of seven Tanite Smedes
1.
[or,
Dynasty,
kings.
Smendes] reigned 26
2.
Psusenes, or Psuneses, 46 years.
3.
Nephercheres 4 years.
4. 5.
6. 7.
years.
Amenophthis 9 years. Osochor 6 years. Psinaches 9 years. [or, Psusennes] 30 years.
Susenes
Altogether 130 years.
The Twenty-Second Dynasty, Of
nine Bubastite kings.
1.
Sesonchis (or Shishak)
2.
Osoroth
3. 4, 5.
[or,
x
Osorthon]
21 years. 1
5 years.
Three others reigned 25
1
See
1
Kings
xi. 40.
years.
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
122 6.
Takellothis 1 13 years.
7, 8, 9.
Three others 42
Altogether reigned
1
years.
20 years.
The Twenty-third Dynasty, Of 1.
four Tanite kings.
Petoubates reigned 40 years, in whose time the
Olympiads began. 2.
Osorcho 8
whom
years,
the
Egyptians
call
Hercules. 3.
Psammus
4.
Zeet 31 years.
10 years.
Altogether 89 years.
The Twenty-fourth
Dynasty.
Bocchoris, [or Bonchoris], the years, in
whose reign
(a
Saite,
reigned 6
miracle occurred),
for
a
sheep spoke. Total 990 years.
The Twenty-fifth Dynasty, Consisted of 3 Ethiopic kings. 1.
Sabbakon, who having taken Bocchoris captive,
burnt him
1
alive,
and reigned 8
Perhaps Tiglath
Pileser,
years.
king of Assyria, or some one
ruling as a tributary to the Assyrian monarch.
cory's ancient fragments.
who
123
2.
Sevechus, 1 his son,
3.
Tarkos, or Tarakos [Tirhakah], 2 18 years.
reigned 14 years.
Altogether 40 years.
The Twenty-sixth Dynasty, Consisting of 9 Saite kings.
2.
Stephinates reigned 7 years. Nechepsos reigned 6 years.
3.
Nechao
1.
Necho) 8 years. Psammitichus 54 years.
4.
Nechao,
5.
He
(or
(or
Necho), the 2nd reigned 6 years.
took Jerusalem, and carried away captive Joahaz,
the king, to Egypt. 6.
Psammuthis 6
7.
Vaphris (or Hophra) 19 years, to
years.
remainder of the Jews
fled
whom
the
when Jerusalem was
taken by the Assyrians. 8.
Amosis 44
9.
Psammacherites
Altogether
1
years. 3
6 months.
50 years and six months.
The Twenty- seventh Of
Dynasty,
eight Persian kings.
Cambyses reigned over Persia, dom, 5 years, and over Egypt 6 years. 1.
1
Called So, or Seve, in 2 Kings xvii.
2
2
3
Kings xix.
his
own
king-
4.
9.
Eusebius omits the
the beginning as the
last king,
first.
and
inserts
Ammeres
at
cory's ancient fragments.
124 2.
Darius, the son of Hystaspes, 36 years.
3.
Xerxes the Great
4.
Artabanus
5.
Artaxerxes 41 years.
6.
Xerxes
7.
Sogdianus
8.
Darius, the son of Xerxes, 19 years.
2
7
21 years.
months. 1
months. 7
months.
Altogether 124 years and four months.
The Twenty-eighth Amyrteos, the
Dynasty.
Saite, reigned 6 years.
The Twenty-ninth
Dynasty,
Consisting of four Mendesian kings. 1.
Nepherites reigned 6 years.
2.
Achoris 13 years.
3.
Psammuthis
1
year.
4.
Nephorites 4 months.
5.
Muthis
1
year.
Altogether 20 years and four months.
The Thirtieth Dynasty, Consisting of three Sebennyte kings. 1.
Nectanebes reigned 18 years.
1 Eusebius omits Artabanus, and between Cambyses and Darius places the Magi, with a reign of seven months.
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS. 2.
Teos
3.
Nectanebos 18 years.
1
25
2 years.
Altogether 38 years.
The
Thirty-first Dynasty,
Consisting of three Persian kings.
who
(Darius) Ochus,
1.
Egypt two
ruled Persia 20 years and
years.
Arses, or Arses Ochus, (or Artaxerxes), reigned
2.
3 years. 3. Darius 4 years. Altogether 9 years.
Total 1,050 years.
From
Syncell.
Chron. 73
to
J&
and Euseb. Chron.
16, 17.
Note by
the Editor.
For the
royal names, the length
the
sum
must
different readings of the
respective reigns, and which are often divergent, I
of their
total of the years,
refer the student to Vol.
i.
of Dr. Birch's edition of
Bunseris~Egyflt's Place in History\ Appendix, p. 642
where, in Greek and Latin, will be found the cellus,
Eusebius, Eratosthenes, and others.
lists
—
736, of Syn-
MANETHO.
Of the Shepherd- Kings. "
We had formerly a
In his time
God was
it
came
king whose name was Timaus. to pass,
displeased with us
:
know
I
and there came up from
men
the East, in a strange manner, race,
who had
and
easily
battle.
not how, that
of an ignoble
the confidence to invade our country,
subdued
by
it
their power, without
And, when they had our
hands, they burnt our
temples of the gods,
cities,
and
rulers
in
a
their
and demolished the
inflicted
every kind of
barbarity upon the inhabitants, slaying some, and
reducing the wives and children of others to a state
king,
At length they made one of themselves whose name was Salatis he lived at Mem-
phis,
and rendered both the upper and lower regions
of slavery.
of
:
Egypt
tributary,
and stationed garrisons
which were best adapted
for that purpose.
in places
But he
directed his attention principally to the security of
the eastern frontier
;
for
he regarded with suspicion
the increasing power of the Assyrians, who, he foresaw, would one day undertake an invasion of the
kingdom.
•
And, observing
in the Saite
nome, upon
the east of the Bubastite channel, a city which from
some
ancient theological reference was called. Avaris;
1;
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS. and finding rebuilt
it
admirably adapted to his purpose, he
and strongly
it,
garrisoned
it
fortified
in
summer and
it
with walls, and
with a force of two hundred and
To
thousand armed men.
troops,
27
I
fifty
this city Salatis repaired
and pay
time, to collect his tribute,
his
to exercise his soldiers, in order to strike
terror into foreigners.
And after
Salatis died after a reign of nineteen years
him reigned Beon
forty-four years
;
;
and he was
succeeded by Apachnas,
who
and seven months
him reigned Apophis sixtyfifty years and one month.
after
;
one years, and Ianias After
all
these reigned Assis forty-nine years and
two months. These them, and, during
six
all
made war upon
they
reigned thirty-six years
were the
the
Hyk-shos, that
amongst
the
Egyptians,
is,
hope of
in
was
All this nation
the Shepherd- Kings
;
for
Hyk, according to the sacred denotes king, and sos signifies a shepherd
first
dialect,
rulers
the period of their dynasty,
exterminating the whole race. styled
first
syllable,
but this according to the vulgar tongue these two words
whom some
is
;
and,
of
compounded the term Hyk-shos,
say were Arabians.
This people, thus
denominated Shepherd- Kings, and their descendants retained possession of
Egypt
for the space of 5
1
years.
After these things, he (Manetho), relates that the kings of Thebais, and of the other parts of Egypt,
made an
insurrection against the
Shepherds
;
and,
cory's ancient fragments.
128 that a long
them,
and mighty war was carried on between
by a king
the Shepherds were subdued
till
whose name was Alisphragmuthosis and, that they were by him driven out of the rest of Egypt, and shut up within a space containing ten thousand acres, which was called Avaris. All this tract of country, ;
Shepherds surrounded with a
(says Manetho), the
vast and strong
they might retain
wall, that
all
their
possessions and their booty within a fortress.
And Thummosis,
the son of Alisphragmuthosis,
endeavoured to force them by a the place with a
thousand
men
;
siege,
and beleaguered
body of four hundred and eighty
but, at the
moment when he
despaired
them by siege, they agreed to a capitulation, that they would leave Egypt, and should be permitted to go out, without molestation, wheresoever they pleased. And, according to this stipulation, they departed from Egypt with all their families and effects, in number not less than two hundred and forty thousand, and bent their way through the of reducing
desert towards Syria.
the Assyrians,
they built a
But, as they stood in fear of
who had
city, in
then dominion over Asia,
that country
which
Judaea, of sufficient size to contain
men, and named (In
another
Manetho
says),
Shepherds, Captives.
in
it
is
now
called
this multitude of
Jerusalem.
book
That
of
the
this people,
their sacred
Egyptian
who
histories,
are here called
books were also styled
2
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
I
29
After the departure of this nation of Shepherds to Jerusalem, Tethmosis, the king of Egypt,
drove them
twenty-five years and four
out, reigned
months, and then died
who
him
after
;
his son,
Chebron,
took the government into his hands for thirteen
him reigned Amenophis for twenty years and seven months then his sister Amesses, 2 1 years and nine months. She was succeeded by Mephres, who reigned 1 after him Mephramuthosis, years and nine months who reigned 25 years and 10 months then Thmosis, who reigned nine years and eight months after whom Amenophis reigned 30 years and 10 months then Orus (Horus), who reigned 36 and five months
years
after
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
then his daughter Akenchres, v
and one month years
;
;
and
and another Akencheres after him,
1
reigned 12 years
her, Rathotis
after
then Akencheres
who
for
nine
years and five months,
2
years and three months
;
Armais reigned four years and one month
;
and Ramesses then Armesses,
1
(the Great) (i.e.,
2
one year and four months
;
Ramses), the son of Miammoun,
who
reigned 66 years and two months after him Amenophis for 1 9 years and six months he was succeeded by Sethosis, who is called Ramesses, who maintained an army of cavalry and a naval force. This king, (Sethosis), appointed his brother Armais as his viceroy over Egypt. He also invested him ;
;
with
all
the other authority of a king, but with the
following restrictions, viz.
—
1st,
That he should not
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
130
wear the crown
2nd,
;
Nor
interfere with the queen,
the mother of his children Sethosis
royal concubines.
Nor abuse the then made an expedi;
3rd,
tion against the island of Cyprus, and Phoenicia, and
waged war with the Assyrians and Medes and he subdued them all, some by force of arms, and others without a blow, by the mere terror of his power. ;
And still
being puffed up with his success, he advanced
more
confidently,
and overthrew the
cities,
and
subdued the countries of the East. But Armais, who was
left
in
Egypt, took advan-
tage of the opportunity, and fearlessly committed
all
those acts which his brother had enjoined him not to
do
;
he violated the queen, and continued an un-
restrained intercourse with the concubines, and, at the
persuasion
of
his
friends,
he assumed the
diadem, and openly opposed his brother.
But the
ruler over the priests of
Egypt sent
to
Sethosis,
and informed him of what had happened,
and how
his brother
to his power.
turned to
had
Upon
Pelusium,
set himself
this Sethosis
up
in opposition
immediately
and recovered
re-
kingdom.
his
The country of Egypt took its name from Sethosis, who was called also /Egyptus, as was his brother Joseph, Armais known by the name of Danaus." 1
contr.
Ap. 1
lib. I. c.
—
14, 15.
Danaus was the
first
king of the Argives.
corys ancient fragments.
Of the "
i
3
i
Israelites.
This king, (Amenophis), was desirous of behold-
ing the gods, since Horus, one of his predecessors in
He
the kingdom had seen them.
communicated
his
same name with himself, Amenophis, the son of Papis one who seemed to partake of the divine nature, both in his wisdom and in his knowledge of futurity. Amenophis returned him for answer, that he might behold the gods if he would cleanse the land of all lepers, and other unclean persons that were in it. Well pleased with this information, the king gathered together out of the land of Egypt all that laboured under any defect of body, to the number of 80,000, and sent them to the quarries, (in the Mafra, desire to a priest of the
;
or, Sinaitic peninsula),
which are situated on the east
side of the Nile, that they
be separated from the
And
(Manetho), says, there were
he,
some learned the leprosy. prophet,
should it
priests
who were
And Amenophis,
fearing lest
fall,
might work
in
them, and
rest of the Egyptians.
the
among them
(also) infected
the wise
with
man and
vengeance of the gods
both on himself and on the king, should
appear that violence had been used towards them,
added
this
also in a prophetic spirit
;
— that
certain
people would come to the assistance of these polluted wretches, it
in
and would subdue Egypt, and hold
possession for thirteen years.
These
tidings
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
I32
however he dared not but
communicate
and destroyed himself;
to pass,
to the king,
an account of what should come
left in writing-
was
to
which the king
at
fearfully distressed.
word for word) work in the quarries
(After which, he writes thus,
'
When
those that were sent to
had continued
for
some time
:
in that
miserable state,
the king was petitioned to set apart for their habitation
and protection the
left
desolate
them
by the Shepherds
their desire
ancient theology,
When
these
and found
it
:
is
now a
which had been
city Avaris,
this
;
city,
Typhonian 1
men had
and he granted according to the city.
taken possession of the
city,
well adapted for a revolt, they appointed
over themselves a ruler out of the priests of Heliopolis, 2
one whose name was Osarsiph, 3 and they
bound themselves by oath Osarsiph then,
dient.
that they
would be obe-
in the first place
enacted this
law, that they should neither worship the \_Egyptian\
gods, nor abstain from {eating) any of those sacred
animals which the
Egyptians hold
them
veneration, but sacrifice and slay 1
in
the highest all
;
and that
Typhon was the Ahriman, or Satan, of the Egyptian "Down to the time of Rameses, B.C. 1300, he
theology.
was one of the most venerated and powerful gods. After about 970 B.C. he was regarded as the foe of Osiris and all the gods of Egypt." BUNSEN'S Egypt's Place, vol. p. 456.
—
2
3
Called
By
On
Genesis
i.,
An
in Egyptian. 50 Osarsiph he means Moses, the Jewish lawgiver and
deliverer.
in
xli. 45,
;
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
I
33
they should connect themselves with none but such
When
as were of that confederacy.
such laws as these, and
many
he had made
others of a tendency
Egypthey should employ the
directly in opposition to the customs of the tians,
he gave orders that
multitude of hands in rebuilding the walls about the city (Avaris),
and hold themselves
in readiness for
war with Amenophis the king whilst he (Osarsiph) took into his confidence and counsels some others of the priests and unclean persons. He then sent ;
ambassadors to the
Jerusalem
city called
;
to those
Shepherds who had been expelled by Tethmosis, 1
whereby himself,
he
informed
them
of
the
of
affairs
and of the others who had been treated
in
the same ignominious manner, and requested they
would come with one consent, this first
war against Egypt. place to reinstate
He
them
to his assistance in
also
promised
in the
in their ancient city
and
country, Avaris, and provide a plentiful maintenance for their
numerous
host,
sion might require.
He
and
fight for
them as occa-
informed them, moreover,
that they could easily reduce the land (of Egypt)
under their dominion. this
The Shepherds
message with the greatest
tered to the to Avaris.
joy,
received
and quickly mus-
number of 200,000 men, and came up
Now
Amenophis, king of Egypt, when
he was informed of their invasion, was in great consternation, 1
remembering the prophecy of Amenophis,
Tethmosis was a sovereign of the 18th dynasty, accord-
ing to Eusebius.
cory's ancient fragments.
134
the son of Papis, and he assembled the armies of the Egyptians, and took counsel with the leaders,
and commanded the sacred animals to be brought to him, especially those which were held in the greatest veneration in the temples, and particularly charged the priests to conceal the images of their gods with
the utmost care.
Ramesses from
called five
And
who was
his son Sethos,
his father
also
Rampses, being but
years old he committed to the protection of a
friend. tians,
And
he marched with the rest of the Egyp-
being three hundred thousand warriors, against
who advanced
the enemy,
not attack them, thinking
meet him
to it
wage war and came again to
would be
against the gods, but he returned,
but he did
;
to
Memphis, where he took Apis, (the sacred bull), and the other sacred animals he had sent for, and retreated immediately into Ethiopia, together with
and
all
the multitude of the Egyptians
:
all
his
army,
for the
king
was under obligations to him, wherefore he received him kindly, and took care of all the multitude that was with him, while the country supplied of Ethiopia
all
that
was necessary
to
him
cities
to continue
and
from
thirteen years.
for their food.
He also allotted
villages during his exile, its
which was
beginning during the predestined
Moreover, he pitched a camp for an
Ethiopian army upon the borders of Egypt, as a protection to king Amenophis.
While such was the
state of things in Ethiopia,
the people of Jerusalem, having
come down
in
com-
pany with the unclean of the Egyptians, treated the
— —
"
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
1
inhabitants with such barbarity that those
who
35
wit-
nessed their impieties believed that their joint sway
was more execrable than that which the Shepherds They not only set (alone) had formerly exercised. fire to the cities and villages, but committed every kind of sacrilege, and destroyed the images of the gods, and roasted and fed upon those sacred animals and having compelled the that were worshipped priests and prophets to kill and sacrifice them, they ;
cast
them naked out of the country.
It is
polity
and
also said that the priest
who ordained
and laws was by was named Osarsiph, from
their
birth a native of Heliopolis,
that he
Osiris, the
god venerated at Heliopolis. He adds, however, that when he went over to these people his name was changed, and he was called Moyses (Mouses or Moses). Manetho again says, 'after this Amenophis returned from Ethiopia with a great force, and Rampses his son also, with other forces, and encountering the Shepherds and the unclean people, they
defeated them, and slew multitudes of them, and pur-
sued the remainder to the borders of Syria (Judea).'
— From Josephus against Apion.
Book
i.,
cap. 27.
"The authenticity of the account of Josephus," says Dr. Eisenlohr, " is not to be doubted, for, if he had not found the story in Manetho, he would not have thought it necessary to denounce it. It has long been accepted by Egyptologists," says he,
really to the
"that the narration of Josephus refers Transactions of Israelites."
Exodus of the
Soc. Bib. Archcsol. vol.
Editor.
i.,
part
2.,
p.
380
—
1.
Note by the
—
;
THE OLD EGYPTIAN CHRONICLE
"
Among
the Egyptians there
called the
a certain tablet
is
Old Chronicle, containing
thirty dynasties
113 descents, during the long period of 36,525
in
The
years.
Auritae
;
The
third of Egyptians.
To as he
was
series of princes
first
that of the
the second was that of the Mestraeans
Hephaestus
Chronicle runs as follows
Vulcan]
[or,
;
is
the :
assigned no time,
apparent both by night and day.
is
Helius
[or,
the Sun] the son of Hephaestus (Vul-
can) reigned three myriads of years.
Then Kronus
Saturn] and the other twelve
[or,
divinities reigned 3,984 years.
Next
who
in
order are the demigods, in
eight,
reigned 217 years.
After these are enumerated
Cynic
circle,
The
1
17th, 8th,
19th,
1
5
generations of the
which take up 443 years.
6th Dynasty
which lasted 190
1
number
is
of the Tanites, eight kings,
years.
Memphites Memphites Diospolites
4
;
in
descent
14 in descent
;
103 years.
;
348 years.
;
(or
Thebans)
;
5
(or
Thebans)
;
8 in
in descent;
194 years. 20th, Diospolites
228 years. 21st,
Tanites; 6
in
descent; 121 years.
descent
— cory's ancient fragments.
/
22nd, Tanites
3 in descent;
;
23rd, Diospolites (or
137
48 years.
Thebans)
2 in
;
descent; 19
years.
24th, Saites
3 in descent
;
25th, Ethiopians 26th,
Memphites
27th, Persians
28th
(No
A
;
;
7 in descent
5 in descent;
;
years.
44
;
;
44
years.
177 years.
124 years.
information).
29th, Tanites 30th,
;
3 in descent
in descent
;
Tanite
Embracing
;
in all
36,525 years."
Eusebius Chron.
1
39 years. ;
1
8 years.
30 Dynasties, and amounting to
From 6.
;
in descent
Syncellus' Chronicon. $\
y
and
ERATOSTHENES' Canon of the Kings of Thebes.
The
who
first
reigned was Mines, (Menes), the
Thebinite, the Thebaean Dionius. 1
He
;
which
is
by
interpretation
reigned sixty-two years, and lived in
the year of the world 2,900.
The 2nd
Theban kings reigned Athothes
of the
the son of Mines (Menes), 59 years.
by
Hermogenes.
interpretation
He
is
called
In the year of the
world 2,962.
The
3rd of
Athothes, of the
Theban Egyptian kings was same name, 32 years. In the year
the
of the world 3,021.
The
Theban kings was
4th of the
son of Athothes, 19 years.
5th of the
interpretation he
is
In the year of the world 3,053.
called Philesteros.
The
By
Diabies, the
Theban kings was Pemphos, the
He
son of Athothes,
who
reigned 18 years.
In the year of the world 3,072.
is
called
Heraclides.
The 6th of the Theban Egyptian kings was Tcegar Amachus Momchiri, the Memphite, who is called a
1
i.e.,
a Diospolitan
;
for
Thebes, (called
was designated by the Greeks Jupiter (Ammon.)
No
as Diospolis ;
in our Bibles), i.e.
the city of
cory's ancient fragments.
man redundant
in his
139
members, 79 years and
a.m.
3,090.
The
7th of the
his son,
who
Theban Egyptian
Ares the
is
kings, Stoechus
senseless, reigned 6 years,
a.m. 3,169.
The 8th of the Theban Egyptian kings Gosormies, who is called Etesipantus, reigned 30 years, and
a.m. 3,175.
The
Theban Egyptian kings Mares,
9th of the
his son,
who
is
called Heliodorus, 26 years,
and
a.m.
3*205.
The
phes, which years,
and
signifies
a
common
son,
reigned
20
a.m. 3,231.
The nth which
Theban Egyptian kings Anoy-
10th of the
Theban Egyptian kings
of the
signifies the
Sirius,
son of the cheek, but, according to
others Abascantus, reigned 18 years, and a.m. 3,251.
The
1
Theban Egyptian kings reigned
2th of the
Chnubus Gneurus, which
Chryses the son of
is
Chryses, 22 years, a.m. 3,269.
The
Ranosis, which
The
is
Archicrator, 13 years, a.m. 3,291.
Theban Egyptian kings, Biuris, Anno Mundi 3,304. Theban kings, Saophis Komastes,
14th of the
reigned 10 years.
The
Theban Egyptian kings reigned
13th of the
15th of the
or according to some, Chrematistes or money-getter), reigned
29
{i.e.,
years,
the trafficker,
and
this
was
about a.m. 3,314.
The
1
6th of the
Theban
kings, Sensaophis the
2nd, reigned 27 years> a.m. 3,343.
CORY
I40
The
ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
S
Theban
17th of the
kings, Moscheris Helio-
dotus, reigned 31 years, a.m. 3,370.
The
1
Theban
8th of the
kings, Musthis, reigned
33 years, a.m. 3,401. The 19th of the Theban kings,
Pammus Archon-
des, reigned 35 years, a.m. 3,434.
The named
20th
of the
the Great,
Theban
kings,
Apaphus,
sur-
said to have reigned 100 years,
is
with the exception of one hour, a.m. 3,469.
The
21st of the
Theban
kings,
Acheskus Okaras,
reigned one year, a.m. 3,569.
The 22nd who reigned
of the
Nikephorus.
Her
The
Theban sovereigns was
instead of her husband (she
Nitokris,
Athena
is
reign was 6 years, a.m. 3,570.)
23rd of the Theban kings, Myrtaeus
Am-
monodotus, reigned 22 years, a.m. 3,576.
The Robust,
24th of the
who
is
Theban
called
kings,
Thyosimares the
the sun, reigned
1
2
years,
a.m. 3598.
The is
25th of the
Theban
kings, Thinillus,
which
the augmenter of the country's strength, reigned
8 years, a.m. 3,610.
The who is
26th of the
Theban
kings, Semphrucrates,
Hercules Harpocrates, reigned 18 years, a.m.
3,618.
The
27th of the
Theban
kings,
Chuthur Taurus
the tyrant, 7 years, a.m. 3,636.
The
28th of the
Theban
kings,
corus, reigned 12 years, a.m. 3,643.
Meures
Philos-
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
The
29th of the
Cosmus
The
Theban
Theban
30th of the
Chomaephtha,
kings,
Philephaestus, reigned
n
141
years, a.m. 3,655.
kings,
Ancunius Ochy-
tyrannus, reigned 60 years, a.m. 3,666.
The 3 1 st of the Theban kings, Penteathyris,
reigned
42 years, a.m. 3,726.
The 32nd
of the
Theban
kings,
Stamenemes the
second, reigned 23 years, a.m. 3,768.
The
33rd of the Theban kings, Sistosichermes,
the strength
of Hercules, reigned
55
years,
a.m.
3,791.
The
34th of the
Theban
kings, Maris, reigned 43
years, a.m. 3,846.
The 35th of the Theban Hermes (Mercury), the son
kings, Siphoas,
who
is
of Hephaestus, reigned
5 years, a.m. 3,889.
The
36th of the
Theban
kings,
.
.
.
.
,
reigned
14 years, a.m. 3,894.
The
37th of the
Theban
kings, Phruron,
who
is
Nilus, reigned 5 years, a.m. 3,908.
The
38th of the
Theban
kings,
Amuthantaeus,
reigned 63 years, a.m. 3,913.
From 123, 147.
Syncelhcss Ckronicon, 91, 96, 101, 104, 109,
—
MISCELLANEOUS FRAGMENTS. OF THE EXODUS. From Chaeremon. "After him,
Manetho),
(i.e.,
Chaeremon, who
wish to examine
I
have composed a same name as does Manetho to the king Amenophis, and his son Ramesses, and says as follows Isis appeared to Amenophis in his dreams, rebuking him that her temple should have been overthrown professes
He
history of Egypt.
to
gives the
:
in
war.
told
him
Upon which that
if
Phritiphantes, the sacred scribe,
he would clear Egypt of
all
polluted
persons, he would be delivered from these terrors.
He
therefore collected 250,000 unclean persons,
drove them out
two of
(of
scribes, called
whom was
names were
and
Their leaders were
Egypt).
Moyses and Josephus; the
a sacred scribe
:
but their Egyptian
respectively, that of
and that of Josephus Peteseph.
latter
Moyses
Tisithene,
They bent
their
way towards Pelusium, where they met with 380,000 men left there by Amenophis, whom he would not suffer to come into Egypt. With these they made a treaty, and invaded Egypt.
But Amenophis waited
not to oppose their incursion, but fled into Ethiopia, leaving his wife pregnant
:
and she concealed herself
— CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS. in
1
a cavern, where she brought forth a
named him
when he
Messenes, who,
child,
43
and
arrived
at
manhood, drove out the Jews into Syria, being about 200,000, and recalled his father, Amenophis, Extracted
from Ethiopia." Apion, Book
i.
from
From Diodorus "
Josephits against
ch. 32.
There having
Siculus.
arisen in former days a pestiferous
disease in Egypt, the multitude attributed the cause
of the evil to the Deity
;
for a
very great concourse of
foreigners of every nation then dwelt in Egypt,
were addicted sacrifices
of the
;
worship and
so that, in consequence, the due honours
gods
inhabitants
to strange rites in their
fell
into disuse.
Whence
of the land inferred, that
the native unless they
removed them, there would never be an end of distresses.
They
these foreigners
whom
who
;
their
immediately, therefore, expelled the most illustrious and able of
passed over in a body, (as some say), into
Greece, and other places, under the conduct of cele-
brated leaders, of
whom
Danaus, and Cadmus.
the most renowned were
But a large body of the
people went forth into the country which called Judea, situated not far distant
being altogether desert
now
from Egypt,
The
leader
was Moses, a man very remarkable great wisdom and valour. When he had
of this colony for his
in those times.
is
—
)
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
144
taken possession of the land,
founded that which the
most
Eel.
i,
other
cities,
called Jerusalem, which
now
is
Extracted from Book
celebrated."
he
xl.
p. 921.
— The
rest of the fragment gives an account Jewish polity, laws, &c. It was the beginning
Note.
of the
is
among
of Diodoruss "History of
the
Jewish
War" and
is
preserved by Photius, {Bishop of Constantifiople.
From Lysimachus. "
He
king of
says, that in the reign of Bocchoris,
Egypt, the Jewish people, being infected with leprosy,
and sundry other
scurvy,
diseases, took shelter in
the temples, where they begged for food in
and
that,
consequence of the vast number of persons
who
;
were seized with these complaints, there arose a famine
in
Egypt.
Upon
this,
Bocchoris, king of the
Egyptians, sent persons to enquire of the Oracle
Ammon,
of
directed
1
him
respecting this scarcity, and the to cleanse the temples
and impious men, and
of
all
god
polluted
them out into the desert, but to drown those who were affected with the leprosy and scurvy, inasmuch as their existence was displeasing to the Sun then to purify the temples, upon which the land would recover its fertility. When Bocchoris had received the oracle, he asto
cast
;
The temple of Jupiter Ammon was situated Oasis of Siwah, as it is now called. 1
in
the
cory's ancient fragments.
145
sembled the priests and attendants of the
commanded them
to
gather together
persons and deliver them
them
but to wrap the lepers in
;
them
sheets of lead, and cast
they had drowned those
when to
with the leprosy
rest,
and
left
them
to
But they took counsel among
perish in the desert.
and torches
After
into the sea.
afflicted
and scurvy, they coHected the
fires
the unclean
over to the soldiers to lead
forth into the desert
themselves, and
all
and
altars,
night
came on they
lighted up
defend themselves, and fasted
all
the next night to propitiate the gods to save them.
Upon
the following day a certain man, called Moyses,
counselled them to persevere in following one direct
way
till
they should arrive at habitable places, and
enjoined them to hold no friendly communication
men
with men, neither to follow those things which
esteemed good, but such as were considered
and
overthrow the temples and
to
as often as they should
altars of the
meet with them.
evil
;
gods
When
they had assented to these proposals, they continued their journey through the desert, acting rules,
and
after
upon those
severe hardships, they at length
arrived in a habitable country, where, having inflicted
every kind of injury upon the inhabitants, plundering
and burning the temples, they came land which
and
is
now
settled there.
1
From
Upos, a
called Judea,
This
city
at length to the
and founded a
city
was named Hierosyla, 1
temple, and
o-vXaw, to
plunder.
—
— —
cory's ancient fragments.
146
from their (plundering and sacrilegious) disposition.
But
after
in
when they acquired
times,
changed
to obliterate the reproach, they
and
called the
strength
name,
its
Hierosolyma, and themselves
city
Extracted from Josephus against
Hierosolymites."
Apion, 34.
From Polemo. "
Some
Greeks also
of the
relate
Polemo,
flourished in those times.
of his Grecian histories, says
'
Moses book
that
in the first
that in the reign of
Apis, the son of Phoroneus, a part of the Egyptian
army
deserted
from
habitation in that
Egypt,
part
and
who went
out with Moses."
Extracted
Africanus, as quoted by Etisebius, Prcep.
Book
is
called
These indeed were
Palestine, not far from Arabia.'
they
took up their
of Syria which
from
Evang.,
x.
From Ptolemaeus Mendesius. "Amosis, who lived about the same time with Inachus the Argive
(i.e.,
the king of Argos), over-
threw the city of Avaris, as Ptolemaeus Mendesius has related in his chronicle."
Extracted
from
the
Stromala of Clemens, Bishop of Alexandria, quoted by Eusebius, Prcep. Evang.,
Book
x.
corys ancient fragments.
1
47
From Artabanus.
And they (the Jews) borrowed of the Egyptians many vessels, and no small quantity of raiment, and 11
every variety of treasure, and
passed
over
the
branches of the river towards Arabia, and upon the third day's tion
march they arrived
upon the Red Sea.
at a convenient
And
the
sta-
Memphites say
that Moyses, being well acquainted with that part
of the country, waited for the ebbing
made
tide,
and then
the whole multitude pass through the shallows
But the Heliopolitans
of the sea.
(or people of
On), say that the king pursued them with a great
army, and took with him the sacred animals, in order to recover the substance
which the Jews had bor-
rowed of the Egyptians.
But that a divine voice
in-
Moyses to strike the sea with his rod and that when Moyses heard this, he touched the waters with his rod, whereupon the waves stood apart, and structed
:
the host went through along a dry path.
moreover, that
when
He
says,
came up with flashed on them
the Egyptians
them, and pursued them, the
fire
from before, and the sea again inundated the path,
and that fire
or
all
the Egyptians perished either
by the return of the
by the
waters.
But the Jews escaped the danger, and passed thirty God rained upon them a
years in the desert, where
kind of grain called panic, 1 whose colour was like 1
eXvfios.
— cory's ancient fragments.
148
He
Moyses was ruddy, with white hair, and of a dignified deportment, and that when he did these things, he was in the eighty-ninth snow.
says also that
year of his age."
Evangn Book
Extracted from Eusebius, Praep.
x.
Artabanus, evidently an Alexandrian Jew,
is
said
The
to have written about a century before Christ.
fragments of his history which have been preserved follow the Scriptures) with some few variations and
In
additions.
Memphite and
this account both the
the Heliopolitan traditions are referred
tunately
its
authenticity
very
is
much
to.
Unfor-
to be suspected.
THE OBELISK OF HELIOPOLIS. From Ammianus Marcellinus.
The
interpretation begins
South
upon the southern
side.
Side.
Verse the First. "
The Sun
upon you
whom
the
to
king Rhamestes.
to rule graciously over
Sun
loves
is
have bestowed
I
all
He
the world.
Horus the Brave, the lover
of truth, the son of Heron, born of God, the Restorer
of the
World
:
He whom
king Rhamestes, valiant
the sun has chosen
in battle, to
whom
is
the
all
the
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS. earth
is
subject
by his might and bravery.
1
49
Rhamestes
the king, the immortal offspring of the Sun."
Verse the Second.
Horus the Brave who is in truth appointed he who renders Egypt the Lord of the Diadem glorious and possesses it he who sheds a splendour " It is
;
;
over Heliopolis, and Regenerates the rest of the
Honours the gods who dwell him the Sun loves.
world, and polis,
in
Helio-
Verse the Third.
Horus the Brave, the offspring of the Sun, Allglorious whom the Sun has chosen, and the valiant Ares (Mars) has endowed. His goodness remains for ever, whom Ammon loves, who fills with good the temple of the Phcenix. To him the Gods have granted life, Horus the brave, the son of Heron :
Rhamestes, the king of the world:
He
has protected
Egypt and subdued her neighbours Him the Sun The gods have granted him great length of life. He is Rhamestes, the Lord of the World, the :
loves.
Immortal.
Another
Side.
Verse the Second, "
I
the Sun,
the great
God, the sovereign
heaven, have bestowed upon you
life
without
ol
satiety.
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
I50
Horus the Brave, Lord of the diadem, incomparable, the Sovereign of Egypt, he
who
statues of (the gods) in this palace,
manner
Heliopolis, in like
Sun
has placed the
and has beautified
as he has honoured the
The
himself, the sovereign of heaven.
of the Sun, the
offspring
King immortal, has performed a
goodly work." Verse the Third. "
I,
the Sun, the
God and Lord
bestowed strength and power over
Rhamestes
:
he
whom
of heaven, have all
things,
Horus, the lover of
Lord of the Seasons, and Hephaestus
(i.e.,
on king
truth,
the
Vulcan),
the father of the Gods, have chosen on account of his valour,
the all-gracious king, the
is
offspring
and
beloved of the Sun."
Towards the East. Verse the First. "
The
great
God from
Heliopolis, celestial,
the Brave, the son of Heron,
and of
whom
all
the
the
Sun
begot,
Gods have honoured, he is the ruler earth; he whom the Sun hath chosen is the the
king, valiant in battle.
him the
whom
Horus
all-glittering
Him Ammon
loves;
and
has chosen his eternal king."
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
151
OF THE SIRIADIC COLUMNS. From "
Josephus.
All these (the sons of Seth), being naturally of a
good
disposition, lived happily in the land without
apostatising,
and
free
from any
and they studiously turned
whatsoever
evils
:
their attention to the
knowledge of the heavenly bodies and their configurations.
time be lost
And
should at any
lest their science
among men, and what they had
viously acquired should perish, (inasmuch as
pre-
Adam
had acquainted them that a universal aphanism, or destruction of all things, would take place alternately
by the
and the overwhelming powers of
force of fire
water), they erected
and the other of
two columns, the one of brick and engraved upon each of
stone,
them
their discoveries
pillar
should be dissolved by the waters, the stone
;
so that, in case the brick
one might survive to teach men the things engraved
upon
same time inform them that a brick one had formerly been also erected by them. it,
and
at the
remains even to the present day in the land of
It
Siriad."
1
— Extracted from
of the yews''
Book
i.
ch.
Note by the Editor. renew the inquiry
to
antediluvian columns, or
1
yosephus
"Antiquities
2.
—
"
We
do not here propose
concerning stelae,
the
celebrated
on which the lore of
Various readings of this word are given, as Syriada, Voss proposes that we should read, Eirath.
Sirida, Seiria.
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
152
wisdom, was said
this primaeval world, with all its
to
be transmitted.
Plato,
it is
well-known, speaks of
We
these columns in the opening of the Timceus.
examine, in the 5th book, whether this be any-
shall
thing more than a figurative description, and
we may be
justified
These
pillars,
is
it
book of Enoch*
;
far
assuming any connection
in
between the Egyptian legend and the two Seth mentioned by
how
Josephus.
(Antiq.
pillars of
ch.
i.,
2).
obvious, have reference to the
perhaps also to the
pillars
of
Akikarus, or Akicharus, the Prophet of Babylon, (or the Bosphorus), whose
have
stolen,
and on which Theophrastus composed
to us, these primaeval stelae
appearance are
first
Hermes,
said to
is
In the Egyptian traditions that have
a treatise.
down
wisdom Democritus
mentioned in
in
Stobaeus
;
do not make their
and fourth
until the third
come
centuries.
They
the so-called Fragments of afterwards,
in
Zosimus
of
Panopolis, evidently in the colouring of JudaisingChristian writers
;
but, in their worst shape, in the
work of an impostor who assumed the name of Manetho. That in this latter instance, at least, they were connected with the narrative of Josephus, is shown by their allusion to
fourth century,
the
'
in
the
Syriadic Country.'"
— Extracted
Egypt's Place in History,
vol.
i.,
from Bunsen's
p. 7, 8.
* See the English translation of this book from the Ethiopic by Abp. Lawrence, (Oxford, 1821), and compare with it the extracts from it in Syncellus, upon the socalled Egregors, alluded to in the Epistle of
Jude
(verse 6).
THE
INDIAN FRAGMENTS FROM
MEGASTHENES,
INDIAN FRAGMENTS.
MEGASTHENES. "
Megasthenes
also appears to be of this opinion,
informing us that no reliance can be placed upon the of the Indians.
ancient histories '
army
there never was an
For/ says he,
'
sent forth
by the
Indians,
nor did ever a foreign army invade and conquer that except the expeditions of Hercules and
country,
Dionysus,
and
(Bacchus),
Macedonians.
Yet,
this
Sesostris
{invasion)
the
(Nebuchadnezzar),
among
the
carried his i.e.,
the
Chaldeans,
most
Tearcon
renowed
exceeded
There are on
here called pillars, 2
and
Hercules,
it is
said,
But Navocodrosorus led
arrived. to
Thrace and Pontus.
hursus the Scythian, also overran
1
(monarch)
far as the Pillars 1 {of Hercules,
arms as
army from Spain
their
But Navocodrosorus
the Strait of Gibraltar), to which also, 2
and
Egyptian,
Tearcon (Tirhakah) the Ethiopian, extended conquests as far as Europe.
the
of
all
either side of the Strait viz.,
Idant-
Asia as
far
two mountains,
Gebel Tarifa and Abyla.
Tirhakah, king of Ethiopia.
his
—
cory's ancient fragments.
156
But none of
Egypt.
as
these ever
all
invaded
India.'
Semiramis died before she commenced the under-
But the Persians sent the Hydracse to
taking.
collect a tribute from India
;
but they never entered
the country in a hostile manner, but only approached it
when Cyrus
Megasthenes,
sagetae.
Mas-
led his expedition against the
however, with
some few
others, gives credit to the narratives of the exploits
of Hercules and Dionysus (Bacchus) historians,
thenes, set
:
but
all
other
among whom may be reckoned Eratosthem down as incredible and fabulous,
and of the same stamp with the achievements of the heroes
Book
among
Extracted from Strabo,
the Greeks."
xv. 686.
Of the Castes "
Megasthenes
India
is
says, that the
is
held
in
notwithstanding their number
when they
of one of them.
all
among which
estimation as the is
the smallest.
that first,
The
feasts of
makes use of the
services
But the kings publicly gather them
together in an assembly which
Synod, at which,
;
and prepare the
sacrifice
the dead in private, each
year,
whole population of
divided into seven castes
of the Philosophers
people
of India.
in the
is
called the great
commencement
of each
new
the philosophers assemble at the gate (court)
of the king, so that, whatever each of
them may have
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
may have observed
collected of things useful, or
the state,
law that
if
in public.
And
it is
a
any one of them be three times convicted
of falsehood, he shall be life
it
rela-
and animals, and of
tive to the increase of the fruits
he may produce
I57
doomed
to silence during
but the upright they exonerate from tax and
;
The second division is the caste of the Agriculturists, who are the most numerous and worthy. They pursue their occupation free from military duties tribute.
and
fear
;
neither concerning themselves with
nor public, nor indeed any other business.
same time and place the military arrayed and engaged with an enemy whilst
happens that class is
civil,
It often
at the
the agricultural, depending upon the other,
(i.e.,
the
military caste) for protection, plough and dig without
And, since the land
any kind of danger.
of the king, they cultivate
upon
The
one-fourth of the produce.
the Shepherds and Hunters, to ful to hunt, graze,
and
held
paying rent of
third caste
whom
sell cattle, for
a premium and stipend. of wild beasts
hire,
all
is
is
alone
that of
it is
law-
which they give
For ridding the land
and birds which destroy the
also,
grain, they
are entitled to a portion of corn from the king, and
lead a wandering
life,
living in
tents.
Hunters and Shepherds, the fourth caste
After the is
that of
the Artisans and Innkeepers, and bodily Labourers
of
all
of
it,
kinds, of
whom some
bring tribute,
or,
instead
perform stated service on the public works.
But the manufacturers of arms and builders of ships
cory's ancient fragments.
158
are entitled to pay and sustenance from the king, for
The keeper
they work only for him. stores gives out the
governor of the ships
arms to the lets
soldiers,
them out
and merchants. The
sailors
fifth
and the
for hire to the
caste
who, when disengaged, spend the
of the military
is
the Military,
rest of their
at ease, in stations or barracks assigned
time
them by the
whenever occasion may require, they may be ready to march forth directly, carrying with them nothing else than their bodies. The sixth caste consists of the Inspectors, whose business it is to pry king, so that,
and report them
into all matters that are carried on,
privately to the king, for which purpose in the towns
they employ courtesans, and camp-followers in the
They
camp.
are chosen from the most upright and
The
honourable men.
seventh caste includes the
Councillors and Assessors of the king,
by whom the
government, and laws, and administration are conducted.
It is
unlawful either to contract marriages
with another caste, or to change one profession or occupation for another, or for one
more than one
{profession),
man
to undertake
the
unless
person so
doing shall be one of the Philosophers,
who
are
privileged on account of their dignity.
As
regards the Governors,
some preside over the
rural affairs, others over the civil, others, again,
the military.
To
the
first
class
is
over
entrusted the in-
spection of the rivers, and the measurement of the fields
after
the inundations, as in
Egypt, and the
;
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
1
covered aqueducts, by which the water
distri-
is
buted into channels for the equal supply of according to
The same have
wants.
their
serts.
They
according to their dethe tribute, and
also
collect
all,
the
power of dispensing
care of the Hunters, with the
rewards and punishments
59
inspect
upon the
all
the arts which
as
of wrights, (vXoTOfKop), and carpenters, and the
exercised
are
They
workers of brass and other metals. struct the highways,
place a mile-stone
and
into six pentads, tive works,
also con-
at every ten stadia they
to point out the turnings
(0-777X77),
The
distances.
and
land,
governors of
cities
are divided
some of whom overlook the opera-
and others have charge of
all
foreigners,
them an allowance, and taking cognizance of their lives, if they give them habitations else they send them away, and take care of the goods of such as happen to die, or are unwell, and bury distributing to
them when dead. The registers of the births
they take place tribute, that
deaths
no
;
and
third class of {governors) take
and deaths, and how and when this (is done) for the
births, either of
sake of the
good or bad, nor any
maybe unnoticed. The fourth class has the care
of the innkeepers and exchanges also of the measures
they
may be
Nor
is
and
these have charge
qualities of the goods, that
sold according to the proper stamps.
any one permitted
pay a double
:
tribute.
to barter
The
fifth
more unless he
class presides
over
the manufactured articles, arranging them, and sepa-
cory's ancient fragments.
160
common, and the fine upon those who
rating the stamped goods from the old from the new, and laying a
The
and
last class
exact the tithe
things sold, with the
power of
inflicting
mix them. of
on
all all
sixth
Each, therefore, has his private
such as cheat.
But
duties.
it is
the public business of them
control the private, as well as nation,
and
and
death
civil,
affairs
all
to
of the
to inspect the repairs of the public works,
prices,
and the markets, and the
and
ports,
temples.
After the civil-governors there
which presides over military manner, is
is
is
a third college,
and
this, in
like
divided into six pentads, of which the
first
affairs,
consociated with the governor of the fleet
second with him
who
;
the
presides over the yokes of
oxen by which the instruments are conveyed, and the food for themselves and the oxen, and
other baggage of the army.
moreover, attendants
who
They have
all
the
with them,
play upon drums and
bells,
together with grooms and smiths, and their under
workmen sound of
;
and they send
bells,
forth their foragers to the
recompensing their speed with honour
or punishment, and attending to their safety. third class
have the charge of the
of the cavalry
the elephants.
;
the
fifth
The
infantry; the fourth
of the chariots
;
the sixth of
Moreover, there are royal stables for
the horses and beasts
;
and a royal
arsenal, in
the soldier deposits his accoutrements
done with them, and gives up
which
when he has
his horse to the
master
cory's ancient fragments.
of the horse, and the
They
same with
ride without bridles
;
i6i
respect to his beasts.
the oxen
draw the cha-
along the roads, while the horses are led in
riots
halters, that their legs
may
not be injured, nor their
impaired by the draught of the chariots.
spirit
In
addition to the charioteer, each chariot contains two riders
but, in the
;
ductor
upon
is
equipment of an elephant,
the fourth, there being three
its
con-
bowmen
also
it.
The
Indians are frugal in their
cularly in the
camp
;
diet,
more
parti-
and, as they use no superfluities,
they generally attire themselves with elegance.
The relation of Strabo
is
continued, with
an account
and customs of the Indians, containing of some extracts from Megasthenes irrelevant to the the laws
antiquities.
Of the "
That
is
Philosophers.
much more worthy of
thenes reports, that the rivers
gold
;
and that a
tribute
is
credit
which Megas-
down
roll
crystals of
collected from thence for
the king, for this also takes place in Iberia (Spain).
And, speaking of the Philosophers, he says that those
who
inhabit the mountains are votaries of Dionysus
(Bacchus), and they point to traces of
him among
them, inasmuch as with them alone the vine grows naturally wild, as well as the ivy,
and
laurel,
and
and the box, and other species of evergreens, of which, beyond the Euphrates there are none,
myrtle,
—
1
cory's ancient fragments.
62
except such as are kept as rarities in gardens, and
The
preserved with great care.
following are also
customs of Dionysiac, (or Bacchic)
origin, viz., the
wearing of linen tunics and turbans, the use of
and perfumes, and the preceding bells
and drums when he goes
The inhabitants of
their kings with
on a journey.
forth
the plain, however, are devoted to
the worship of Hercules."
Book
oils
Extracted
from
Strabo,
xv. 711.
Of the Philosophical
"He
makes
also another division of the Philoso-
two races of them, one of
phers, saying that there are
which he manes.
Sects.
calls the
Of these
Brahmans, and the other the Ger-
the Brahmans are the
inasmuch as their discipline
more
preferable
is
;
excellent,
for,
as soon
as they are conceived, they are committed to the charge
of
men
skilled in
magic
arts,
who approach under
the
pretence of singing incantations for the well-doing
both of the mother and the
child,
to give certain wise directions
the mothers,
who
supposed to
be more
willingly
though, in
reality,
and admonitions
pay attention
;
and
to them, are
fortunate in parturition.
After their birth, they pass from the care of one
master to that of another, as their increasing age quires the
more
their time in
which
superior.
The
re-
Philosophers pass
a grove of moderate circumference,
lies in front
of the city, living frugally, and lying
cory's ancient fragments.
163
They abstain upon couches of leaves and skins. also from animal food, and intercourse with females, upon serious
intent
them
and communicating
discourses,
But
to such as wish.
it is
considered improper
any other
for the auditor either to speak, or to exhibit
sign of impatience
;
for, in
case he should, he
is
cast
out of the assembly for that day as one incontinent.
After passing thirty-seven years in this manner, they
betake themselves to their
own
professions,
they live more freely and unrestrained
assume the linen
tunic,
and
and wear gold
:
where
they then
moderation
in
They
upon
their hands,
flesh,
except that of animals which are serviceable to
in their ears.
also eat
mankind but they, nevertheless, abstain from acids and condiments. They practise polygamy for the ;
sake of having large
families,
because they think that
from many wives a larger progeny If they
have no servants,
own
proceed.
will
their place
is
supplied by
more nearly any person is related to another, the more is he bound to attend to his wants. The Brahmans do
the service of their
children
;
for,
the
not permit their wives to attend their philosophical lectures, lest, if
they should be imprudent, they might
divulge any of their secret doctrines to the uninitiated
;
and,
if
they be of a serious turn of mind,
they should desert them.
For, no one
who
pleasure and pain, even to the contempt of
lest
despises life
and
death, (as a person of such sentiments as they profess
ought to
be),
would voluntarily submit
to
be under
;
1
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
64
They hold
the domination of another.
opinions upon the nature of death
the present
life
;
various
for they regard
merely as the conception of persons
presently to be born; and death they consider as the birth into a life of reality
and happiness, to those who
Upon
philosophise rightly.
this
account they are
studiously careful in preparing for death. that there
is
neither
which take place say,
if
good nor
among men
They hold
evil in the accidents
nor would men, they
;
they regarded them aright, (as mere visionary
They,
delusions), either grieve or rejoice at them. therefore,
neither
any signs of joy
themselves, nor exhibit
distress
at their occurrence.
Their speculations upon nature, he says, are
some
respects, childish, though
in
he admits that they are
better philosophers in their deeds than in their words
inasmuch as they believe many things contained
in
However, they hold several of same doctrines which are current among the Greeks such as, that the world is generated and
their mythologies.
the
;
destructible,
God who throughout all
and of a spherical
administers its
figure, and, that the
and forms
whole extent
;
it,
pervades
things are different, that water, for instance,
first
principle of the fabrication of the world
after the four elements, there
it
that the principles of
is
a certain
fifth
is ;
the that
nature,
of which the heavens and stars are composed; that the
earth
is
situated in the centre of the whole.
add much, of a
like nature,
They
concerning generation and
,
cory's ancient fragments.
They have
the soul.
speculations, after the
many
also conceived
manner of Plato
165
;
in
fanciful
which they
maintain the immortality of the soul, and the judg-
ments of Hades, 'Such
description.
(hell), is
and doctrines of a similar
Megasthenes's account of the
Brahmans.
Of
the Germanes, he says, those are considered the
most honourable who are called Hylobii, and
live in
the woods upon leaves and wild
fruits,
selves with the bark of trees,
and abstaining from
sexual intercourse, and wine.
They
hold communi-
kings,
who
cation,
by messengers, with the
clothing them-
inquire of
them concerning the causes of things and, by means, the kings serve and worship the deity. ;
their
After the Hylobii, the second in estimation are the Physicians, philosophers
men, simple selves to a
who
in their habits, life
conversant with
are
but not exposing them-
abroad, living upon rice and grain,
which every one to
whom
they apply freely gives
They are women fruit-
them, and receives them into his house able, ful
by the use of medicines,
to render
and productive, either of males or females
they perform their cures, rather by attention to than by the use of medicines.
they approve more poultices
:
all
others
deleterious effects.
commonly
Among of
;
but diet,
medicines
ointments
and
they consider not free from
These, and others of this
exercise their patience in labours
and
trials,
sect,
so
as to have
attained the capability of standing in one position,
—
1
cory's ancient fragments.
66
unmoved,
who
a whole day.
for
There are others
also,
pretend to divination and enchantments, and
are skilful in the concerns of the inhabitants, their laws.
These lead a mendicant
villages
and towns
cities.
They do
;
and of
among
life
the
but the better class settle in the
not reject such of the mythological
stories concerning
Hades
able to virtue and piety.
them favourWomen, among some of
as appear to
these sects, are suffered to philosophise, but, in that case, they are required to abstain
course."
Of the Megasthenes, says, " There
is
to themselves rash.
selves
from sexual
Extracted from Strabo, Book
;
in his
inter-
v. p. 712.
Indian Suicides. account of the Philosophers,
no prescribed rule but those
for putting
who do
it
an end
are esteemed
Those who are hardy by nature cast themupon a sword, or from a precipice those who :
are incapable of labour leap into the sea
;
those
who
are patient of hardships are strangled, while those of
a fiery temperament are thrust into the last
was indeed the
fate of Calanus,
fire.
This
an intemperate
man, and addicted to the pleasures of the table, at the court
of Alexander (the Great)!'
Strabo,
Book
—Extracted from
xv. p. 718.
End of the
Indian Fragments of Megasthenes.
cory's ancient fragments.
Of the "
Philosophers.
167
From Clitarchus.
According to the statement of Clitarchus, they
place in opposition to the Brahmans, the Pramnse, a
contentious and argumentative set of men,
who deride
the Brahmans as arrogant, and ridiculous, on account of their studies in physiology and astronomy.
They
are divided into the Mountaineer, the Naked, the Citizen,
and the Rural
sects."
Of the Indian Astronomy. From the Paschal Chronicle. " {i.e.,
About the time of the construction of the Tower, of Babel), a certain Indian, of the race of Ar-
phaxad,
made
his
appearance
;
a wise man, and an
astronomer, whose name was Andubarius.
he who
first
It
was
instructed the Indians in the science of
Astronomy."
—
p. 36.
—
Note by the Editor. Although from the earliest times to which historical research carries us back, an active trade seems to have been carried on between India and Western Asia, yet, Megasthenes is the earliest authority to which we can appeal for information, regarding the immense continent lying between the Indus and the Ganges. In the Hebrew Scriptures, the ivory, apes, and peacocks, brought to Judea by the ships of Tarshish, are designated by genuine Hindu, (i.e. Tamil), names ; [see my article, Dravidian Languages in the English Cyclopced.), Supplement, Arts and Sciences] and at least one city of Syria, (the Hierapolis of the Greeks), was called by the Sanskrit name of Mabug, from maha = while India is enumerated among the 127 great and Mgd = & god provinces subject to the rule of Xerxes in Esther i. 1, and viii. 9. The Sanskrit, the ancient language of Hindustan, abounds in ;
—
;
1
cory's ancient fragments.
68
—
works of science, theology, law, grammar, and poetry both lyrical and dramatic ; yet, it is a remarkable fact, that no historical work exists in any language of India of a date anterior to the Mohammedan conquest, by Mahmood of Ghuzni, (a.d. i,ooo), except the poetic chronicle of Kashmir, called the Raja Tarangini, and the Ceylonese historical work called the Mahawanso. " That no Hindu nation but the Kashmirians," says Sir William Jones, " have left us regular histories in their ancient language we must ever lament " while Monier Williams, the Sanskrit Professor at Oxford, says, {Introd. to Nala, p. xvii.), "all Hindu Chronology is more or less conjectural." It is, indeed, uncertain, at what period ;
the Hindus acquired the art of writing ; for " no inscriptions," says Professor Max Miiller, (Sanskrit Grammar, p. 3), " have been met with in India anterior to the rise of Buddhism. The earliest authentic specimens of writing are the inscriptions of Priyadarsi, These are written in two different or Asoka, about B.C. 250.
The alphabet which
found in the inscription of and most closely connected with the Aramaic branch of the old Semitic, or Phoenician, alphabet .... while that which is found in the inscription of Girnar, and which is the real source of all other Indian alphabets, has not, as yet, been traced back in a satisfactory manner, to any Semitic prototype." It is therefore to the fortunate who had accompanied Alexander circumstance of Megasthenes, being accredited as Ambasthe Great in his Indian Expedition sador from Seleucus Nicator to Sandracottus, (whom we identify with the Chandragupta of Hindu story) that we are indebted for the earliest information in regard to India which has reached The royal seat of this monarch was at Patawestern nations. liputra, (Palibothra, or Patna) ; and a poem by Somadeva, after relating the story of the revolution which took place at Pataliputra, and the massacre of Nanda, and his sons, speaks of the usurpation The age of the of Chandragupta, and of his residence there. the third or fourth in direct descent from Chandragreat Asoka gupta, is one of the well-known epochs of the promulgation of the for Mihinda, Asoka's brother, preached the Buddhist faith alphabets.
Kapurdigiri
.
.
.
.
is
is
clearly of Semitic origin,
—
—
—
—
;
" The doctrines of Buddha to the distant inhabitants of Ceylon. Quarterly history of ancient India," says a writer in the Review for July, 1870, "is like a series of writings on a palimpsest
behind Buddhism, which is our first historical starting point, we find a form of Hinduism, which is the last stage of the religion ot the Brahmanas, before it assumed its modern developments as we trace them in classical Sanskrit literature and it is far behind the oldest of the Brahmanas, that we must look for the period of the Rig-Veda, upon which all Sanskrit literature is based." ;
:
THE
ATLANTIC AND PANCHAEAN
FRAGMENTS FROM
MARCELLUS AND EUEMERUS.
—
ATLANTIC AND PANCHAEAN FRAGMENTS.
Of the Atlantic
Island.
From Marcellus. " is
That such and so great an island formerly existed, recorded by some of the historians who have
treated of the concerns of the outward sea.
For
they say, that in their times there were seven islands
were sacred
situated in that sea, which
to Proser-
and three others of an immense magnitude, one of which was consecrated to Pluto,
pine, (Persephone),
another to
Ammon, and
between them
was no
less
to
the one which
Poseidon
1
was
situated
the size of this last island
;
than a thousand stadia.
of this island preserved a tradition,
concerning
The
inhabitants
handed down from existence of
the
Atlantic island, of prodigious magnitude, which
had
their
ancestors,
really existed in those seas,
period of time, governed tic
"
Ocean.
Ethiopian
Such
all
the
and which, during a long the islands in the Atlan-
the statement of Marcellus in his
is
History."
Extracted from Proclus in
Timczus.
1
i.c,
Neptune.
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
I7 2
PANCHAEAN FRAGMENTS. From Euemerus. "
Euemerus, (the
Cassancler the king,
1
was a favourite of and being, upon that account
historian),
constrained by his master to undertake
some
useful,
voyage of discovery, he says that he travelled southwards to the ocean, and having
as well as extensive,
sailed
from Arabia Felix, stood out to sea several
among
days, and continued his course that
sea,
one of which
the islands of
exceeded the rest
far
in
magnitude, and this island was called Panchsea.
He it
observes, that the Panchaeans
were singular
for their piety,
with magnificent silver
and
sacrifices,
He
gold.
was consecrated
who
inhabited
honouring the gods
and superb offerings of
says, moreover, that the island
to the gods,
and mentions several
other remarkable circumstances relative to quity,
and the richness of the
institutions
and
services,
some
of which
related in the books preceding this.
that in
it,
upon the brow of a there
its
He
we have
relates also,
certain very high
mountain
was a temple of the Triphylaean Zeus,
founded by him at the time he ruled over
1
anti-
arts displayed in its
Or Euhemerus
all
the
of Messana, an atheistic philosopher,
friend of Cassander, kinsj of
Macedon.
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
I
73
habitable world, whilst he was yet resident amongst
men.
In this temple stood a golden column, on
which was
inscribed, in the
Panchaean characters, a
regular history of the actions of Ouranos, and Kronus, (Saturn),
and Zeus
(Jupiter).
In a subsequent part of his work, he relates that the
first
justice
king was Ouranos, a
man renowned
for
and benevolence, and well conversant with
the motion of the stars
who honoured
;
was the
and, that he
the heavenly
Gods with
first
sacrifices,
upon which account he was called Ouranos (Heaven).
He
had two sons by
were called Pan and Kronus; and daughters
and Demetra. 2
who Rhea
his wife Hestia, (Vesta),
And Kronus
1
reigned after Ouranos
;
and he married Rhea, and had by her Zeus, and Hera, 3 and Poseidon.
And when Zeus
succeeded to the
kingdom of Kronus he married Hera, and Demetra, and Themis, by whom he had children by the first, the Curetes 4 and Persephone, (Proserpine), by the He second, and Athena, (Minerva), by the third. went to Babylon, where he was hospitably received by Belus, and afterwards passed over to the island of Panchaea, which lies in the ocean, where he erected ;
;
1
Cybele, "the great mother," the
Ops
of the
Roman
mythology. 2
Ceres.
3
Juno.
4
Priests of Jupiter in the island of Crete,
goddess Cybele.
and of the
—
174
an
altar to
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS. Ouranos, (Heaven), his forefather.
From
who was then from whom Mount Casius,
thence he went into Syria to Cassius, the ruler of that country, (on the borders
thence into
1
of Egypt), receives its name. Passing he conquered Cilix, the governor
Cilicia,
of those parts
;
and, having travelled through
other nations, he was honoured by
acknowledged as a god."
Casius is the Egypt, now called
and universally
Eusebius Prczp. Evang.
as quoted from Diodorus Siculus
1
all
many
Eel., p.
ii.,
68 1.
name of a mountain on the coast of Ras Kasaroun. It lies east of Pelusium.
Another Mount Casius, (Jebel Okrah), is placed in the north of Syria, on the coast, south of the Orontes. It is uncertain which Mount Casius is intended in the text.
End of the Atlantic and
Panchcean Fragments.
MISCELLANEOUS FRAGMENTS.
MISCELLANEOUS FRAGMENTS.
HECATAEUS OF ABDERA. "
For Hecataeus
who was both a
of Abdera,
sopher, and one very useful in active
temporary of Alexander the Great
life,
philo-
was a conand
in his youth,
was afterwards with Ptolemy, the son of Lagus. He wrote a book expressly about the Jewish affairs, (not by-the-by only), out of which book I am willing to run over a few things, of which
by way of epitome.
And,
have been treating
I
in the first place,
demonstrate the time when
this
Hecataeus
I
will
lived.
For he mentions the battle between Ptolemy and Demetrius, King of Syria, near Gaza, which was fought in the eleventh year after the death of Alex-
ander the Great, and relates in his history. this
Olympiad, as Castor
in the cxvii.
For,
Olympiad, he says
when he had
further, that in this
piad, Ptolemy, the son of Lagus,
at Gaza, this Demetrius,
Antigonus, is
cxiv.
King
who was surnamed
agreed by
all,
Olympiad.
that It
set
conquered
in battle
of Syria, the son of Poliorcetes.
Now
Alexander the Great died is,
down Olym-
it
in the
therefore, evident that our
nation, (the Jews), flourished in his time,
time of Alexander the Great.
M
and
in the
Wherefore, Hecataeus
cory's ancient fragments.
178
speaks to the same purpose as follows,
viz.,
that
Ptolemy, after the battle at Gaza, got possession of the places in Syria
and many when they heard of
;
Ptolemy's moderation and humanity, went along with
him
and were willing
to Egypt,
affairs;
him
to assist
one of whom, says Hecataeus, was Hezekiah,
man
the high-priest of the Jews, a
of about sixty-six
among
years of age, and held in great dignity
own people
He
(the Jews).
management
of
affairs, if
although, as he says,
his
was a very sensible
man, and could speak ably, and was very the
in his
skilful in
any man ever were
so,
the priests of the Jews took
all
tithes of the products of the land,
and managed public
number not above 1,500 at the Hecataeus makes mention of this Hezekiah most. a second time, and says, that as he was possessed of so great a dignity, and was become familiar with us,
affairs,
and were
in
so did he take certain of those that were with him,
and explained
to
people, for he polity
down
clares again,
that
we
them
had
all
in writing. '
habitations
and
civil
Moreover, Hecataeus de-
what regard we have
for
our laws, and
resolve to endure anything rather than trans-
gress them, because
Whereupon he
we
those
think
it
right for us to
do
so.
adds, that although they are held in
bad reputation among all
the circumstances of their
their
all
who come
treated reproachfully
their neighbours
to them,
by the
Persia, yet they cannot
and among
and have been often kings,
and satraps of
be dissuaded from carrying
CORY
S
ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
out what they think best; and
I
when they
79
are stripped
of everything on this account, and are tortured, and
brought to the most terrible kinds of death, they meet them,
(i.e.,
the tortures), after a most extraordinary
manner, beyond
all
other people, and will not re-
nounce the religion of their
Hecataeus
forefathers.
a few incontestible proofs of
also produces not
when he
their resolute tenaciousness of their laws,
When
this
once Alexander the Great
informs
us,
was
Babylon, and had purposed to rebuild the
at
that
'
temple of Belus, which had order thereto,
fallen to decay,
he commanded
all
his
and
soldiers
in
in
general to carry earth thither, the Jews, and they alone,
would not comply with that command.
Nay,
they underwent blows, and were mulcted in heavy fines
on
this account, until the
king forgave them, and
permitted them to live in quiet. that
when
country, altars,
the Macedonians
He
came
and demolished the
to
says, moreover,
them
into that
[old] temples,
and the
they assisted them in demolishing them
all
;
them in rebuilding them), they underwent the payment of fine to the Satraps,
but, (for not assisting
either or,
sometimes obtained forgiveness/ adding
that
'these
account/
men
He
further,
deserve to be admired on that
also speaks of the
mighty populousness
of our, (the Jewish), nation, and says, that 'the Persians formerly carried
away
many
ten
also, that
not
into captivity
thousands of our people to Babylon, as
a few ten thousands were removed, after the death
cory's ancient fragments.
180
of Alexander, into
Egypt and Phoenicia, on account
He also
of the rebellion in Syria.'
how
History
as well as of
large the country
takes notice in his
which we
is,
inhabit,
excellent character, saying that
its
'
the
land which the Jews inhabit contains three millions of arourae, (or Egyptian acres), and
most excellent and
fruitful soil
The same
dimensions.'
;
nor
generally of a
is
is
Judea of
lesser
writer describes our city of
Jerusalem, as of a most excellent structure, and very large,
He
and inhabited from the most ancient times.
number of men
also discourses of the
in
it,
and
of the construction of our temple, after the following
manner
There are many
' :
says he,
'
in the country of
about
fortified city, of
which
is
inhabited by
fifty t
and
fortresses
Judea
;
but there
There
about the middle of the
city
a wall of stone, the length of which
is
cubits,
500
is
feet,
with double cloisters (or
same place there is a not made of hewn stone, but composed
having double gates). altar,
one
furlongs in circumference,
Jerusalem.
square
is
20,000 men, and this city they
call
and the breadth 100
villages,'
In the
of white stones gathered together, having each side
twenty cubits
Near
it is
in length,
a large
and ten cubits
edifice,
wherein there
and a candlestick, both of gold, and two weight.
Upon
these there
extinguished, neither is
is
a
light,
:
is
height.
an
altar,
talents in
which
by night nor by
no image nor votive offering
in
is
day.
nothing at
never
There all
is
there planted, neither a grove nor anything of the
;
181
cory's ancient fragments. Priests remain night
kind.
and day
performing certain purifications, to
in the temple,
whom
it
gether prohibited, while there, to drink wine. taeus
also testifies,
is alto-
Heca-
that we, (the Jews), fought as
army of Alexander, and afterwards I will add further in the service of his successors. what he learned, as he says, when he was himself with the same army, concerning what was done by a auxiliaries in the
certain
Jew
As
He
in that expedition.
thus relates the
was myself going to the Red Sea, there followed us a man, whose name was Mosollam he was one of the Jewish horsemen who conducted story
:
'
I
:
us,
a person of great courage, of a strong body, and
one allowed by
among
either the
all
to be the
most
skilful
Greeks or barbarians.
archer
Now,
this
man, as people were passing along the road in great numbers, and a certain augur was taking an augury
by a bird, and required them all to stand still, Mosollam enquired what they were staying for. Hereupon the augur showed him the bird from whence he took his augury, and told him, that if the bird stayed where he was, they ought all to stand still but, that if he got up and flew onward, they ought to advance
;
but,
on the other hand,
To
ward, they must retire again.
made no
reply, but,
drawing
his
he flew back-
if
this
Mosollam
bow, shot at the
it, and killed it. When, therefore, the augur and others of the company were very angry, and cursed him, he answered them thus Why are you
bird, hit
'
:
cory's ancient fragments.
i82
mad
so
most wretched bird
as to take this
your hands
How
!
can
into
any true
this bird give us
information concerning our march, which had not the foresight even to save himself
For, had he been
?
come to Mosollam
able to foresee the future, he would not have this place,
the
but would have been afraid,
Jew should shoot
at
and
lest
him/
kill
But of the testimony of Hecataeus we have said
enough
;
such as desire to
easily obtain
them from
know more
his book."
From Josephus against "
For Alexander did
them may
of
Apion, Book
ii.
sec. 4.
not, therefore, assemble, or
get together some of our nation to Alexandria, be-
cause he wanted inhabitants for this his building of which he had bestowed so this
was given
men
on the
pains; but
to our people, (the Jews), for a reward,
because he had, upon a careful to be
city,
much
trial,
found them
of virtue and fidelity to him.
Hecataeus says concerning
us,
all
For, as
'Alexander honoured
our nation, (the Jews), to such a degree that, for the equity and fidelity which the Jews manifested towards
him, he permitted them to hold the country of aria free from
tribute.
Of
the
Samsame opinion was
Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, as to those Jews
who
For he entrusted the fortresses hands, believing they would keep
dwelt in Alexandria/ of Egypt into their them faithfully, and
valiantly
;
and,
when he was
i
cory's ancient fragments.
183
desirous of securing the government of Cyrene, and
the other
cities
of Libya to himself, he sent a body
of Jews to inhabit them."
AGATHARCHIDES OF CNIDUS. "
I
Agatharchides, as
though
in the
supposes
much for me having made mention of
not think
shall
way
too
to
name
us Jews,
of derision at our simplicity, as
For,
to be.
it
it
the affairs of Stratonice,
donia into Syria, and
'
he
when he was discoursing of how she came out of Mace-
left
her husband, Demetrius,
while yet Seleucus would not marry her as she expected,
army at about Antioch, and
but while he was raising
Babylon, stirred up a rebellion
an
how, after the king had returned, and on his taking
Antioch she
fled to Seleucia,
and might have
sailed
away immediately had she not complied with a dream which forbade her to do so, and hence was captured and put
to death/
When
Agatharchides had premised
this story,
and
had jested upon Stratonice for her superstition, he gives a like example of what was reported concerning us,
and writes thus
who
dwell in a
:
city,
'
There are a people the strongest of
city the inhabitants call Jerusalem.
called Jews,
all cities,
They
which
are accus-
— cory's ancient fragments.
184
tomed
to rest
on every seventh day,
at
which times
they make no use of their arms, nor meddle with husbandry, nor take care of any
affairs
of life, but spread
out their hands in their holy places, and pray
Now
the
till
came to pass, that when Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, came against this city with his evening.
it
army, these men, in observing this instead of guarding the
theirs,
country to submit
itself to
was openly proved practice.
mad custom suffered
city,
a bitter lord
;
and
their
have commanded a
to
of
their
law
foolish
This accident taught all other men but the
Jews, to disregard such
dreams as these were, and
not to follow the like idle suggestions, delivered as a law, when, in such uncertainty of
human
they are at a loss what they should
reasonings,
do.'
Now
this
our procedure seems a ridiculous thing to Agatharchides
;
but
it
will
appear, to such as consider
it
without prejudice, a great thing, and one that de-
served
many encomiums
;
I
mean, when certain
men
constantly prefer the observation of their laws, and their religion towards
God, before the preservation
of themselves and their country." against
Apion.
Book
i.
sec. 22.
From
Josephus
cory's ancient fragments.
Concerning the Translation
185
the of the Hebrew Books made into Greek by order of Ptolemy PhilaSeptuagint Version,
or
delphia, King of Egypt.
From
of Demetrius Pkalereus, keeper of the Royal Library at Alexandria, to the king. the Epistle
Demetrius to the great King. "
When
thou,
O
king, gavest
me
a charge concern-
ing the collection of books that were wanting to
fill
your library and the care that ought to be taken about such as are imperfect,
I
diligence about those matters.
you, that
we want the books
have used the utmost
And
I
hereby inform
of the Jewish legislation,
with some others, for they are written in the
Hebrew
characters, and, being in the language of that nation,
are to us unknown.
Now
it
is
necessary that thou
shouldst have accurate copies of them. this legislation, (the
law of Moses),
And
is full
indeed,
of hidden
wisdom, and entirely blameless, as being the
legisla-
For which cause it is, as Hecataeus of Abdera says, that the poets and historians make no mention of it, nor of those men who lead their tion of
lives
God.
according to
it,
since
it is
a holy law, and ought
not to be published by profane mouths. please thee,
O
king, thou
mayest write
If
then
it
to the high
—
1
;
cory's ancient fragments.
86
priest of the Jews, to
every
tribe,
laws, that
and
by
send six of the elders out of
most
those, such as are
skilful
of the
means we may learn the clear meaning of those books, and may
their
and consistent
obtain an accurate interpretation of their contents
and so may have such a
collection of these as
suitable to thy desire."
From Josephus s Antiquities
of the
J^ews,
Book
H
xii.
I
section
M
E
From
may be
4.
P S
A
L.
Sallust.
De Bello Jugurthce. "
But what race of men
Africa,
had possession of
first
and who afterwards
and
arrived,
in
manner they have become blended with each though the following
differs
commonly
current, yet
preted to
me
The
from the report which
will
give
from the Punic,
books, which are called 1
I
'
the books
it,
(i.e.,
first,
;
'
possessed
whose
food,
herb of the
field,
flesh of wild animals.
were ruled neither by custom,
inter-
Carthaginian)
a rough unpolished people,
to which they added the
was
it
is
of King Hiempsal!
like that of cattle, consisted of the
ment
as
Gaetulians and Libyans,' says he,
Africa at
what other,
law, nor
They
any govern-
but strolling and wandering about, had their
abode wherever night compelled them
to stay.
But
cory's ancient fragments. after
Hercules had perished
in Spain, as the Africans
suppose, his army, composed of different nations,
upon the
among themselves Of soon dwindled away. tending
187
men
belonging to
loss of their leader, con-
for the chief this
command,
numerous host the
Medes, Persians, and Armenians, having been con-
veyed
ships
in
to
Africa,
occupied those
nearest to the Mediterranean Sea.
The
places
Persians,
however, settled nearer the (Atlantic) Ocean in place of houses,
their ships, turned
used
upwards, there being no
wood
and,
;
bottom
in the country,
nor
any opportunity of buying, nor even of bartering Moreover, a wide sea with the Spaniards for any. and an unknown language prevented all intercourse. These colonists, by degrees mixed with the Gaetulians, 1
(i.e.,
the aborigines) in marriage.
From
the
cumstance, however, of their frequently making different soils,
and
cir-
trial
the consequent shifting about
of
from
Numidians? of the Numidian
place to place, they called themselves
And,
1
to
The
this
day, the
cottages
Gaetulians are the Berber tribes,
now known by
names of Kabyles, Shelloofs, Beni-Mezab, &c, who are cognate in race and language with the aborigines of the Canary Islands. Their languages constitute the sub-Semitic branch of the Semitic linguistic family. Vide my article Semitic Languages, in the English Cyclopcedia, Supplement (Arts and Sciences). 2 From the Greek vc/xciv, to feed, because they were fed, or maintained, by wandering about like grazing cattle. the
1
cory's ancient fragments.
88
peasants, which
are
by them mapalia, are
called
oblong, with their sides bulging out, like the hulls
Now
of ships.
Armenians,
the Libyans joined the
for they lived
Medes and
nearer the African
{i.e.,
Mediterranean) Sea, the Gaetulians more under the sun,
(i.e.,
not far from the scorching
further south,
and
latitudes),
these,
Armenians) very soon had towns Spain only by
and
the Liby-Medians
(i.e.,
:
for,
divided from
the Strait (of Gibraltar), they
and the
Spaniards began to interchange commodities, barter) with in course of
The
one another.
(or
Libyans, however,
time corrupted their name, calling them,
in their
barbarous language, Mauri, (or Moors),
stead of
Medi
But the
in-
or Medes.
affairs
of the Persians were soon in a
flourishing condition, for afterwards, under the
name
of Numidians, (having separated from their parents
on account of
their vast numbers), they obtained
possession of those parts nearest to Carthage, which are
now
called Numidia.
Afterwards both
parties,
relying on one another, reduced their neighbours to subjection, either
by arms or
themselves, especially those est to our,
(i.e.,
and reputation
terror,
and acquired
who had advanced
;
the Libyans being less warlike than Finally,
most of the lower
the north coast), of Africa were seized
Numidians,
all
near-
the Mediterranean) Sea, both glory
the Gaetulians.
in the
for
parts,
(i.e.,
upon by the
the conquered tribes being confounded
name and
nation of their rulers.
In subse-
cory's ancient fragments.
189
quent times the Phoenicians, some with the object of diminishing the overflowing population
at
home,
others through a longing for power, having gained
over the people, together with those fond of changes in
government, to their undertaking,
built
Hippo, 1
Hadrumetum, and Leptis, with other towns on the These cities, having grown much larger in a coast. short time, became some a security, others an ornament to their founders. As to Carthage 2 itself, I There are two ancient cities on the north coast of Africa which were formerly called Hippo (Phoenician ^V UBBO, a bay). The one was Hippo Regius, once the residence of the Numidian kings, and the episcopal see of St. Augustine, now Bona. It is between the Cap de Fer (Ras Hadeed) and La Calle the other, formerly called Hippo Zarytus Hippo of the Canal) standing on a beautiful land(i.e., locked harbour, with a narrow entrance (like a canal) to the 1
;
Mediterranean,
The
canal).
is
now
former
called
is
in
Ben Zert {i.e., son of the and belongs to the
Algeria,
French the latter to Tunis. It is uncertain which of the two is intended by our author. 2 Carthage was founded by Dido, who is also called Elisa, about 100 years before Rome. Upon the murder of her husband, (Sichaeus or Acerbas), by Pygmalion her brother, she fled from Tyre, and founded this famous city. It was for many centuries the rival of Rome, but about the Roman general. 1 50 B.C. it was destroyed by Scipio, It is said to have continued burning for seventeen days. Extensive ruins and mounds of earth, extending from the ;
sea to the walls of Tunis, along the shore of the lake, with
here and there a few broken arches of an aqueduct, are that remain of this once proud city, it is
said,
was nearly twenty-four
all
whose circumference,
miles.
— CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
I9O think
it
better to be silent, rather than say but
on such a
subject,
little
and besides, brevity obliges
me
Extracted from Sallust de
to hasten to another."
Bello Jugnrtkcz, cap. xvii
—
xix.
VELLEIUS PATERCULUS and ^MILIUS SURA. The
was subsequently transferred from the Assyrians, (who had held it 1,070 years), to the Medes, from this time for a period of 870 years. "
Asiatic empire
For Sardanapalus, King of the Assyrians, a man wallowing sion
from
being the thirty-third
in luxury,
and
Ninus
Semiramis,
founders of Babylon, from
whom
in succes-
the
the
(reputed)
kingdom had
passed in a regular descent from father to son,
was deprived of his empire, and put to death by ./Emilius Sura, also, in his Arbaces the Mede. Annals of the Roman People, says, That the Assyrian .
.
.
princes extended their empire over
all
nations.
They
were succeeded by the Medes, then by the Macedonians, and shortly afterwards
by two
and Antiochus, both of Macedonian
kings, Philip
origin,
who, not
long after the destruction of Carthage, were conquered
by the Romans, who then obtained the empire of the world.
To
reign of Ninus,
this time,
King
from the beginning of the
of the Assyrians,
who
first
— CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
191
obtained the empire, there has elapsed a period of years."
1,995
of
Roman
Extracted from the
Velleius Patercuhcs,
Book
i.
chap.
History
6.
CLEANTHES. Clean thes was a Stoic philosopher, born at Assos,
Troad, about
in the
b.c.
Athens he attended the
264.
On
his arrival at
lectures of Zeno, the Stoic,
while so great was his poverty that, in order to maintain himself,
he was obliged to draw water for the
gardens of Athens by night, to provide himself the
means of devoting himself to philosophy by day, whence he was nicknamed Phreantes, or the wellHe was accustomed, from want of means drawer. to purchase writing materials, to write
down on
the
blade-bones of oxen, and on pieces of pottery, his
by Zeno, whose pupil nineteen years, and whom he suc-
notes of the lectures delivered
he remained ceded
for
in his school.
Among
his disciples
were King
Antigonus, and the philosopher Chrysippus. said to
have taught that the sun
ciple of the
world.
has come down to us
A
is
He
is
the ruling prin-
specimen of his teaching
in his
noble
hymn
to Jupiter,
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
192
one of the most sublime canon of revelation
poetry outside the
efforts of
:
The Hymn
of Cleanthes.
Extracted from Stobceus.
TO JUPITER.
O
"
thou who, under several names, art adored,
but whose power
entire
and
infinite
;
O
Jupiter,
of immortals, sovereign of nature, governor of
first
and supreme
all,
is
man
suppliant prayer, for to
Whatever
invoke thee.
drew
earth
is
lives
given the right to
and
being from thee
its
my
legislator of all things, accept
;
moves on
we
this
are a faint
similitude of thy divinity. I
will
will address, then, I
suspended
seems
to
moves
along,
roll
over
and which
around the earth, obeys thee
and
silently
it
hands
strikes,
;
:
it
submits to thy mandate.
flaming, gifted with an immortal
and
all
nature
directest the universal spirit
and
our heads,
That
thunder, minister of thy laws, rests under thy
invincible life,
prayers to thee, and never
cease to praise thy wondrous power.
universe
The
my
is
terrified.
which animates
all
Thou things,
lives in all beings.
Such,
O
almighty king,
is
thy unbounded sway
In heaven, on earth, or in the floods below, there
nought performed or produced without
!
is
thee, except
— CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
1
93
which springs from the heart of the wicked.
the
evil,
By
thee confusion
is
changed
into order
the warring elements are united.
By
ment, thou so blendest good with
evil,
a general and eternal harmony in
man, wicked man, alone breaks
Wretched
of the world.
by thee
a happy agreeas to produce
all
But
things.
this great
being,
:
who
harmony
seeks after
good, and yet perceives not the universal law which points out the
happy. justice,
He
way
to render
him
at
once good and
abandons the pursuit of virtue and
and roves where each passion moves him.
Sordid wealth, fame, and sensual pleasures become,
by
turns, the objects of his pursuit.
whom
all gifts
descend,
who
O
God, from
sittest in thick
darkness,
thunder-ruling Lord, dispel this ignorance from the
mind of man
;
deign to enlighten his soul
draw
;
that eternal reason which serves as thy guide
support in the government of the world
honoured with a portion of turn,
this light,
;
it
to
and
so that,
we may,
in
our
be able to honour thee, by celebrating thy great
This is the proper in a hymn. For surely nothing can be more de-
works unceasingly duty of man.
lightful to the inhabitants of the earth or the skies,
than to celebrate that divine reason which presides
over nature." ations, 181
1,
From
Rev. II. Card's Literary Recre-
p. 10.
N
—
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
194
CHALDEAN OBSERVATIONS
OF THE
From
Pliny.
" Anticlides relates, that letters
Egypt, by Menon, the most ancient to
prove
in
Phoroneus,
fifteen years before
King
of Greece, and he endeavours
by the monuments.
it
were invented
On
the other hand,
Epigenes, a writer of very great authority, informs us, that
among
the Babylonians, observations of the stars
were preserved, inscribed upon baked to a period of
who
are
720 years.
tiles,
extending
Berosus and Kritodemus,
the most moderate in their calculations,
nevertheless extend the period of the observations to
480 use
Whence may be inferred of letters among them." Nat. Hist. years.
For to
the following interesting extract
the eternal lib. vii.,
I am
56.
indebted
Dr. Samuel Birch, Keeper of Oriental Antiquities
in the British
Museum.
THE MANNERS OF THE BABYLONIANS. From Nicolas of Damascus. "
In
the
Medes, and
King
of
reign
of
Artseus,
the
King
of
the
one of the successors of Sardanapalus,
the
Assyrians,
there
was amongst
the
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS. Medes, one Parsondes, a
1
man renowned
for
95
his
courage and strength, and greatly esteemed by the
King, on account of his good sense, and the beauty
He
of his person.
and
whether he fought on
in battle,
chariot,
particularly excelled in the chase,
or on
Now
horseback.
foot,
this
from his Parsondes
observed, that Nanarus, (the governor or tributary
was very careful in his personal attire, and wore ear-rings, and shaved himself carefully, and was effeminate, and unwarlike, and he disliked him exceedingly so he asked Artseus, the King, to deprive Nanarus of his government, and to bestow it on himself. But Artaeus, having bound himself by the compact entered into by Arbaces, was loth to act unjustly towards the Babylonian, and
king), of Babylon,
;
gave no answer
The matter, however, who promised great sutlers who would catch
to Parsondes.
reached the ears of Nanarus, rewards to any one of his his
enemy.
when
It
happened one day that Parsondes,
hunting, went far from the King, to a plain
near Babylon.
Sending
his servants into a neigh-
bouring wood, that they might drive out, by their shoutings, the wild beasts, he remained outside, to
take
the game.
Whilst chasing a wild ass he
separated himself from his attendants, and
came
to a
part of the Babylonian territories, where the sutlers
were preparing markets he asked of them
have
this
Nanarus.
for
to drink
;
Being
thirsty,
and they, delighted
to
opportunity of seizing him, gave him that
cory's ancient fragments.
196
which he required, took charge of
him
They then
refresh himself.
his horse,
and bade
placed a sumptuous
him with very sweet wine, mixed with a certain intoxicating drug, and brought beautiful women to keep him company so that, at length, overcome by the wine, he fell fast asleep. The sutlers then took him, and brought him bound
feast before him, served
;
to
When
Nanarus.
Parsondes had recovered from
him for did you, who have
the effects of the wine, Nanarus upbraided his conduct.
'
Why
'
said he,
never suffered any wrong at
man-woman birth
my
hands,
my
(androgyne), and ask
of Artaeus, as
noble
'
?
if
I
me
call
a
government
were of no account, although of
Many
thanks to him that he did
not grant your request.' Parsondes, nothing abashed, replied,
'
Because
thought myself more worthy of the honour
for
;
I I
am more
manly, and more useful to the king than
who
are shaven, and have your eyes underlined
you,
with stibium, and your face painted with white-lead.' '
Are you not ashamed,
then,' said
Nanarus,
being
'
such as you describe yourself to be, to have been so
overcome by your stomach and passions, that you should have fallen into the hands of one so greatly inferior to yourself?
softer
by
and
Belus,
fairer
But
I
will
quickly
than any woman.'
and by Mylitta
—
which the Babylonians give
for to
beckoning to a eunuch, 'Lead
And he swore
such their off'
make you
is
name
the
Venus
;
then
cried he, 'this
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
97
Shave, and rub with a pumice-stone, the
fellow.
whole of
and
plait his hair as
Let him underline his
with his voice, that musicians; with
women
do.
on the harp, and
to sing, to play
Bathe him
except his head.
his body,
twice a day, and anoint him. eyes,
1
Let him learn
accompany it he may be amongst the female
whom
he
to
shall pass his time,
having
same garments as they do. The eunuch did as he was commanded, and kept Parsondes in the shade, washing him twice every day, and polishing him with a pumice stone, and making him pass his time in the same way as the women, so that he became, very shortly, fair, tender, and woman-like singing and playing even better a smooth skin, and wearing the
;
The
than any of the female musicians.
having offered a reward, and searched favourite, at last concluded, that
King, Artaeus, in
vain for his
he had been devoured
by wild beasts whilst hunting. Parsondes,
mode
of
life
having passed at
seven years
in
this
Babylon, induced a eunuch,
who
had been severely flogged, and insultingly treated by Nanarus, to run away, and inform Artaeus of
what had happened sent an
envoy, to
to
him.
demand
Artaeus immediately the
liberation
of
his
But Nanarus, frightened, declared that he had never seen Parsondes since he had former favourite.
disappeared. bassador,
Artaeus, however, sent a second
much
ammore powerful and threatened by letter, to
greater in rank, and
than the former one,
cory's ancient fragments.
198
put to death the Babylonian, unless he delivered up his captive.
now
Nanarus, being
greatly alarmed, promised to
give up the man, and, moreover, apologised to the
ambassador, declaring, that he was sure the King
would
see, that
he had justly treated one who had King's favour.
He
then entertained the ambassador with a great
feast,
endeavoured
to ruin
him
in the
during which entered, to the number of 150, the female
players,
amongst
whom was
Parsondes.
Some sang, and others played on the flute but the Mede excelled them all, both in skill and beauty, so ;
when
was over, and Nanarus asked the ambassador, which of the women he thought superior to the rest in beauty, and accomplishments, that,
the feast
he pointed, without
Nanarus,
hesitation, to Parsondes.
clapping his hands, laughed a long time, and then said,
'
Do
you wish
tainly,' replied
to take her with
the ambassador.
her to you/ said Nanarus.
me
?'
'
'
Why
But
you I
'
will
?
'
Cer-
not give
then did you ask
exclaimed the ambassador. 'This,' said Nanarus,
after a little hesitation,
have come he swore
'
;
'
is
Parsondes, for
whom
you
and, the ambassador disbelieving him,
to the truth of
what he had
said.
On
the
following day, the Babylonian placed Parsondes in a
wagon, and sent him away, with the ambassador, Artaeus,
who was
at Susa.
But the King did not
to re-
cognise him, and was a lone time before he would believe that so valiant a
man
could become a
woman.
cory's ancient fragments.
199
Parsondes exacted a promise from Artaeus that he
would revenge him upon Nanarus. And when the King came to Babylon, he gave Nanarus ten days to right; but the Babylonian, alarmed,
do what was fled to
Mitraphernes, the chief of the eunuchs, and
promised him, for himself, ten talents of gold and ten gold cups, and 200 of
silver,
money, and several
suits
and 100
talents of silver
of clothes
;
and
for the
King, 100 talents of gold, and 100 gold cups, and 300 of silver,
and 1,000
numerous
dresses,
save his
and other
The
eunuch,
in the
who was
by the King, succeeded
estimation
money, and
fine gifts, if
and keep him
life,
Babylon.
talents of silver
he would
government of held in great
;
but Parsondes
waited his opportunity, and afterwards, finding an occasion, took his revenge both
eunuch."
— Quoted
Remains,
vol.
ii.,
on Nanarus and the
in
Layard's
Nineveh and
its
p.
329 — 333,
as translated
by
Dr. Birch, from the Prodromus Hellenikes Bibliothekes, 8vo.
Pains, 1805,
p.
229.
CANON OF THE KINGS OF EGYPT. From Diodorus "
Some
of
them
fable that
reigned over Egypt, during years,
and that the
last of the
Siculus.
gods and heroes little
less
first
than 18,000
gods who reigned was
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
200
Horus, (the son of
kingdom
I
relate, also, that the
Egypt was governed by men during
of
nearly 15,000 years,
which we
They
sis).
down
to the i8o//£
visited Egypt, that
is
in
during the reign of
Ptolemy, called the younger Dionysus,
The
Olympiad,
(i.e.,
Bacchus).
kings of Egypt were for the most part natives,
except the Ethiopians, Persians, and Macedonians,
who
acquired the government for short
periods.
There reigned, altogether four Ethiopians, not
in
the length of
whose
reigns occupied collectively nearly 36 years.
The
succession, but at intervals
;
Persians, under their king Cambyses, subdued the
(Egyptian) nation, by force of arms and occupied the
throne
135 years, inclusive of the period of the in-
surrections,
which the Egyptians made from time
time, unable to endure the severity of their rule,
to
and
to submit to the impiety displayed
by them towards
the gods of the land.
Lastly, the
Macedonians and
276 years.
All the rest of
their successors reigned
the time was
filled
up with native
princes, viz.,
470
After the gods, Menas (i.e., 5 queens. Menes), was the first king of the Egyptians. After
kings,
him,
it
and
is
said, that
two of the descendants of the
before-named king reigned during more than 1,400 years.
Then
Busiris.
the last bore the
8 of his descendants, of
same name
as the
first.
He
whom
founded
the city called by the Egyptians the city of the Sun,
or Diospolis, but by the Greeks, Thebes.
descendant of
this
The
8th
king bore the surname of his
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS. father,
201
Uchoreus, and built the city of Memphis, the
most celebrated of
all
Myris (or Mceris), who dug
the lake above the city of Memphis. rations of kings.
whose
Sesoosis,
Seven gene-
exploits
most celebrated, and the greatest of
who preceded
Twelve
the cities of Egypt.
generations of kings.
him, fitted out a
of 400 ships, and subdued
all
were the
the kings
on the Red Sea,
fleet
the islands, and
all
all
the parts of the mainland bordering on the sea as
He
far as the Indies.
army by
land,
Ganges, and conquered
and
all
marched,
and subdued all
all
India,
with a mighty
also,
Asia
;
passed over the
even
to the
Ocean,
the nations of the Scythians, and most of the
islands of the Cyclades.
and overran
all
He
Thrace, and
then invaded Europe,
made
it (i.e.,
Thrace),
the boundary of his military expeditions, and set up pillars
(crTrjXas)
in
Thrace and many other
places,
commemorating his conquests. He also divided Egypt into 30 parts, which the Egyptians call nomes, and appointed governors (nomarchs) over each nome. And, after a reign of 33 years, he destroyed himself, on account of the Sesoosis,
Many
failure of his eyesight.
the second, the son of the preceding.
kings succeeded him.
Amasis,
who was conquered by
Aktisanes,
the
Ethiopian. Aktisanes, the Ethiopian.
Mendes, an Egyptian, who rhus.
is
the
same
as
Mar-
CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
202
He as a
constructed the building called the Labyrinth,
tomb
An
for himself.
interregnum for
5 generations.
Ketna (or Ketes), who is Proteus. Rhemphis. Seven insignificant kings ruled, of whom no deed nor work worthy of record is handed down, except of one, who was called N ileus, from whom the river receives
its
name
of
Nilus
1
which formerly was
,
called ^Egyptus.
was Chembres, the Memphite. He reigned 50 years and built the largest of the three
The
8th king
Pyramids. After his death, his brother, Kephren received the
kingdom, and reigned 56 years. that
it
was not the
however,
Chemname was
brother, but the son of
who succeeded
bres,
Some say,
him, and that his
Chabryis.
Mykerinus, the
whom
others call Cherinus, the son of
builder of the former Pyramid, undertook to
build a third, but died before the completion of the
work.
Tnephachthus. Bocchoris
(or
Bonchoris),
the wise,
the
son of
Tnephachthus. After a long time Sabacon reigned over Egypt,
being by race an Ethiopian.
1
In Arabic, NiL signifies
Bahrat Neel.
blue,
hence
'
the blue Nile,'
— CORYS ANCIENT FRAGMENTS.
An
203
interregnum of two years.
Twelve
chiefs, 15 years.
Psammitichus the
who was one
Saite,
of
the
twelve chiefs. After four generations reigned Apries, (Pharaoh
Hophra), 22 years.
He was
strangled.
Amasis. He died after a reign of 55 years, at the time that Cambyses, king of Persia, invaded Egypt, i.e.,
in the 3rd
(viz.,
the Olympic games)
rinaean
Book
year of the 63rd Olympiad, in which
was
victor."
Parmenides the Cama-
From Diodorus
ii.
FINIS.
Siculus, Hist.,
5
INDEX, RERUM ET VERBORUM. Aaron
(Aruas), 81, note
Abascantus, 139
Abraham, was king of Damascus, according „
Abydenus, Notice
„ of,
to Justin, 79
Nicolas of Damascus, 78
„
quoted, 71, 89
95 Abyla, a Mountain in Africa (now Ceuta), 28, note
Accad, a
city,
;
mentioned
;
36,
note
;
155, note
in Genesis, xxvii
Accadi or Akkadi, the Accadians, xxvii were a Turanian, or Tartar people,
allied to the Finns, xxvi, xxvii
Accadian, or Akkad, words found in the Assyrian and Hebrew Languages, xxvii
Accad Language,
treated under the
head of Chaldee Language
English Cyclopaedia, xxvii
Achaemenes,
xviii
Achaemenide Dynasty, Acra, a
city,
mentioned
xviii
in the Periplus of
Hanno, 37
Acracanus, name of a river near Babylon, 73 Adores, king of Damascus (in Justin), 79
Adodus, " king of the Gods,"
1
ALon, 4 ^sculapius, god of medicine, 14 Africanus (Julius) Bishop of
Emmaus, Notice
of,
97
Agathias, quoted, 92
Agatharchides of Knidus, quoted, 183
Agreus and Halieus, Inventors of Hunting and Fishing, 7 Agrotes, 9 Agroueros, 9 Ahriman, the Evil Deity (Satan or Typhon), 132, note Ake* (Acco, St. Jean d'Acre, Ptolemais), 31
in the
INDEX.
206
Akicharus, the prophet of the Bosphorus, or Babylon,
1
52
Alaparus, 53
Alexander the Great,
72, 177
Alexander Polyhistor, Notice Alorus, the
first
of,
101
King of Babylonia,
identified with Adi-Ur,
49
Amegalarus, identified with Amil-ur-gal, 49 Amempsinus, a Chaldsean, from Laranchae (Larissa), 52 Amil-ur-gal, a Babylonian king (Amegalarus), 49
Amillarus, 53
Amiqa
(or
Omoroca), the ocean, the deep,
Amqia, misprint
Ammenon, Anaitis, the
for
59,
note
Amiqa, 59
53
Venus
of the Armenians, her worship
Persia by Artaxerxes
Annals of Tiglath
II.,
introduced into
69
Pileser, xxiv
of Asurbanipal, translated
by Mr. George Smith, xxvi
of Sargon, published by Dr. Oppert, xxv of Ashur-nasir-pal, by Rodwell, xix
Annedoti, 46
Annedotus,
51, 53
Anodaphus, 54 Anquetil Duperron,
xiii,
xxii
Antichdes, quoted, 194
Antiochus Soter, king of Syria, 43, 44 i.e. Anu (Heaven), 92
Anus,
Anu, the God, or Heaven
deified, 92
Apason, the husband of Tauthe, 92 Apis, the deified bull, 134
Apollodorus, Notice
of,
96
;
quoted, 51
— 57
Arab, xvi
Arabian dynasty, 46 Arambys, a City mentioned Ararat, the
Hebrew name
in the Periplus, 37
of Armenia, 62, note
Ardates (or Otiartes), the 9th antediluvian king of Babylon, 49, 60 Arguin, Island of, 38 Ark,
54, 61, 62, 63, 74,
Armenia,
75
54, 62, 63,
Artaxerxes
II.,
74 son of Ochus, introduces idolatry
among the
Persians, 69
11
INDEX.
207
Asclepiades, xxxiii Asclepius, 14
Ashteroth-Karnaim,
i.e.
the two-horned Astarte, a City of Bashan, 15,
note Ashur-banipal, called also Asurbanipal, son of Esarhaddon, xxvi Ashte', in the
compound Hebrew word,
Ashtay-'asar, an Assyrian
word, xxviii
Asordanius (Esarhaddon), King of Assyria, 86 Assorus, 92 Assyria, Expeditions to, for Cuneiform Investigation
Dr. Oppert's, xxv
Mr. George Smith's, xxx, note Assyrian grammar, by M. Joachim Menant, xxvi dictionary, compiled
Excavations,
and published by Dr. E. Norris, xxv
xvi., xxx., xxxi.,
note
Decipherment, Historical Account
of,
xxi
Assyrians, The, spoke a language cognate with Hebrew, xxvi
were a Semitic people, xxvi Assyrio-Babylonian words, glossary Astarte, a Phoenician Goddess,
Venus
of the
Romans,
16,
is
of,
by Mr. Fox Talbot, xxvi
the Aphrodite of the Greeks and the
30
puts on her head as a sign of sovereignty a bull's head, 15
Asur-banipal, his Annals published by Mr. George Smith, xxvi his library not all published,
Asur-nasir-pal, B.C. 883
;
xxx
his annals translated
by Rodwell, xix
Athena, or Athene (Minerva), a Daughter of Kronus, receives from
1
Kronus the Kingdom of Attica, 16
Athenocles, 92 Atlas, a son of
Aus,
i.e.
Ouranos and Ge (Heaven and Earth),
Hea, the
Avaris, a
Typhonian
1
one of the three great gods of Babylon, 92
sea,
city,
the refuge of the expelled shepherds, 100,
126, 127, 128, 132, note;
133, 146
Axerdes, son of Nergilus, levied mercenary soldiers, 89 Azelmicus, a King,
16,
note
Baal, called Jupiter Olympius by Dius, 27 Baaltis, or Dione, a goddess, 17
Baaut
(night), 4, note
;
28, note
INDEX.
208
Baau, wife of Kolpiyah, 4 Babylon, properly Bab-ilu, means Gate of God,
55,
note
;
yj
Baitylia, stones so called, consecrated to various gods, 14, note
Balsacus, 32 Behistun, Inscription of Darius Hystaspes, xx, xxi
Merodach, son of Hea and Davkina, 92
Bel, formerly called
Belus (the same as Kronus), 82
Temple
his
Babylon, 60, 90, 91
at
Berathena, a city of Arabia or Syria,
5,
note
Berbers and Getulians mentioned, 187, note
language belongs to the sub-Semitic branch of the Semitic
their
languages, 187 Berosus, was Priest of Bel, Notice Beruth,
of,
43,
50
berith, covenant, the wife of Elioun, 10
nn?,
i.e.
Berytus (Beyroot) the Port of Damascus, 17 Birch, Dr., quoted,
xiv., xv.,
194
Biuris, 139
Bocchoris, King of Egypt, 144
Borsippus (Borsippa), 68
Bunsen (Baron), 152
his
work
" Egypt's Place in History" quoted, 104, 108,
125, note
;
Byblus (Gebal
in
Hebrew, now called
Mysteries of Adonis or
Jebail), xxxiv, note
Tammuz
celebrated
at, 12, 17, 12,
Cabiri, or Dioscuri, the Samothracian Deities so-called, 10; 18
19,
;
3,
note
Cadiz, or Gades, temple of the Tyrian Hercules
Canaan (Chna) the native name of Casius, Mount,
at, 7,
note
Phoenicia, 19, note
174, note
5,
Chaldasan Account of the Deluge, 49,
52, 54,
60
Dynasties, 46
Chaos,
Chna
note
2,
(called the first Phoenician), 19
Chrusarthes, formerly calledlThuro, 21 Chrysor,
i.e.
Vulcan, deified under the
Clay Tablets,
xvii,
194
Cleanthes, Notice of his Life, 191
His
Hymn
to Jupiter, 192
name
note
of Diamichius, 7, 8
note
;
1
1
INDEX.
209
Clemens, Bishop of Alexandria, quoted, 69, 96
Composite creatures, 58 Cotiaei, a city of Phrygia, birth-place of
Creation, Account of the,
1
—
3, 59,
Alexander Polyhistor, 10
60
Cybele (Rhea) the mother of the gods, note, 14 Cyprus, an Assyrian inscription of Sargon found there, now in the Berlin
Museum,
gives us the divine
name Yau, Greek
iAfl,
xxix
Cyrus or Cyropolis, a city of Syria, 105, note
Daas, Plain
of,
Cyrus slain there, 88
Dache, corresponds to the
Lahma
of the cuneiform texts, 92
Dachus, corresponds to the Lahama of the cuneiform, 92 Daesia and Daesius, Macedonian month, corresponds to our
May and
June, 54, 60
Dagan,
in
Greek SITON, corn,
Dagon, a god of the
12,
note
Philistines, 12, note
Damascius, quoted, 92
Damascus, so called from a king of that name, 79 Danaus, 130 Daonus, or Daos, the shepherd, Davke,
i.e.
Death, genius
Deluge
51, 53
Davkina, goddess of the lower regions, and wife of Hea, 92 of,
called
tablets, in the
Muth by
the Phoenicians, 17
cuneiform character, discovered and translated
by Mr. George Smith, 48 Demetrius, king of Syria, son of Antigonus, 177
Diamichius, the great inventor, 8 Dido, Foundress and Queen of Carthage, 30
Diodorus Siculus, quoted, Dionysus, (Heb.
'p'j p."n),
83, 143
Bacchus, 91, note
Diospolis, Thebes, called
no
in the Bible, 138, note
Dravidian Languages, 167, note
El-'Elyon, the most High God,
10,
note
Elioun, Hypsistos, 10
Elohim
(gods), plural of Eloah, 13, note
Elulaeus, king of Tyre, 30, 3
Eneuboulos, 54
Eneugamus, 53
;
200
,
INDEX.
2IO Enyalian Jove, the worship
of,
transferred to Shinar in Babylonia, 74
Epigenes says the Babylonians wrote on baked Erythrean Sea,
tiles,
194
Theban canon, 138 designates both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf,
Erastosthenes, the Cyrenian, notice
of,
96
his
;
5
1
52
Euedochus, 53 Euedoreschus,
52, 54
Euemerus, or Euhemerus, quoted, 172 Eupolemus, quoted, 82 Eusebius, Bishop of Crcsarea, notice Evil Merodach, man,
Exodus of the
of, 1,
note
servant of Merodach), 72, 88
i.e.,
Israelites, 135,
note
Fox, Talbot, Mr., translated the
inscription
of Tiglath-Pileser,
i.,
xxiv
Gaetulians and Libyans mentioned, 186 Ge {i.e., earth) married Ouranos (heaven), 10, Gebal,
Gideon Gorillae,
Hea
11, 12
Byblus, xxxiv, note
i.e.,
(called Jerubaal), 19, note i.e.,
gorillas, the
name
first
occurs in Hanno's Periplus, 40
(Aus) god of the Sea and Hades, rally),
{i.e.
of the lower regions gene-
son of Anu, 92
Hecataeus of Abdera, quoted 177
— 183
Heliopolis, city of the Sun, called
On
in the Scriptures, note, 132
Herodotus, quoted, 84
Hiempsal, king, xxxiv.
;
quotation from the Punic books
of,
186
Hierosyla, so called from plundering and sacrilege, Jerusalem, 143
Hierichus (Jericho), 81
Hippo, two
cities
on north coast of Africa so
called, 189, note
Histiseus, quoted, 74
Hyk-shos, or Hyk-sos, Shepherd- Kings, 127
were subdued by Alisphragmuthosis, 128 Hylobii
{i.e.
Hypsistus,
dwellers in forests
i.e.
;
from
Hypsuranius, the same as Memrumus, iah,
i.e.
uAt?,
a wood, and
£toco,
Elioun, the husband of Beruth, 10 6, 7,
note
Yau, or Yahu, identified with Jehovah,
xxviii., xxix.
to live)
5
5
INDEX. II,
or Israel,
Illinus Ilus,
i.e.
i.e.
Isiris,
name
211
of Kronus), 21, 35, note
Elu=the Earth, one
Kronus, or
Israel, or
II,
of the three great gods, 92 11, 13, 21,
36
the inventor of the three letters, and brother of Chna, 19
name
Israel (a Phoenician
jEOUp, or Yeood,
nymph
the
of Kronus), 21, note
Yakhid, only son ; name of a son of Kronus by
i.e.
Anobret, 22, note
Jerusalem, 183
Jove (the Enyalaean), mentioned, 74 Jove, i.e. Jupiter, or Zeus in the Greek language Jupiter
Ammon,
ruins of his temple in the Oasis of Siwah, 144, note
Keft, the ancient name of Phoenicia, Khasis-Adra (Xisuthrus) 49, note Kronus, or II, or Israel, 11, 12, 13,
compared with Abraham,
17,
xv.,
note
14, 16, 17, 18,
20
note
Ktesias, quoted, 83,
Lahmu and Lahamu, Dachus,
92.
identified
Laranchae (Larissa, or Larsa), Larissa, or Larsa,
by Mr. George Smith, with Dache and
See under Dache in the Index.
now
52,
note
called Senkereh, 52, note
Larissa (Laranchae or Larsa), 52, note Lixitae, natives of Africa,
37
Lixus, a river in Africa, 37
Manetho,
notice
of,
104
—
Introduction to the Lists his
his
name assumed by
name,
1
of,
—
95
lived at Palibothra ;
104
52
Megasthenes, notice
168, note
of,
another, 109, note; forgeries issued under
;
ambassador
to the Court of Sandracottus,
quoted, 155
Melikarthus, or Melcarth, the Baal, or Hercules of Tyre, 28, note
Menander, quoted, 29
— 32
15, 27,
note
;
INDEX.
212
Merodach, the god of Babylon, afterwards called
Bel,
was son of Hea
and Davkina, 92 Merodach, called the Demiurgus, or creator, 92 Misor, the establisher of government in Egypt, 9, note Misr, is the modern name of Egypt in the Arabic language, Mitzraim, the
Hebrew name
Miinter, Bp., quoted, Mylitta, Assyrian
Movers, Dr., his
7,
note
name
article
Moymis and Tauthe,
note, 9
of Egypt, 9, note
of Venus, 196
on Sanchoniathon, referred
of Damascius, identified with
to, note,
xxxv
Mummu-Tiamatu,
" the sea-chaos," by Mr. George Smith. See his Chaldceafi Account
of Genesis, 64 Moses, called Osarsiph, 132, note
Nephilim,
i.e. fallen
Neptune, Poseidon
in
133, 135
;
ones, or giants, 6, 77, note
Greek,
17, 171
Norris, Edwin, his dictionary of the Assyrian language
Omoroca,
59
Panic, a kind of grain, 147 Pantibiblon (Sippara) 51,
52,
note
Parsondes, a favourite of Artaeus,
harem Periplus of Hanno, Introduction
is
caught by Nanarus and put into
his
to,
35
Philo of Byblus, translated Sanchoniathon's work into Greek, Phoenicia, ancient
name
of,
1
Keft, xv., note
Phreantes, a nickname of Cleanthes, 191 Pillars of Hercules,
i.e.,
the Strait of Gibraltar, 28, 35, 36, 155
Polemo, quoted, 146
Ptolemy the Mendesian,
100, 146
Pythagoras, a Soldier in the
Rawlinson,
Army
of Axerdes, 89
Sir Henry, publishes the Behistun Inscription, xx
Renan, Ernest, Professor, mentioned,
xxiii
wrote on the sources of Sanchoniathon's History, xxxv Rosetta stone, contains a trigrammatical inscription, xiv
Sacea, the
feast of, celebrated at Babylon, 68
INDEX.
213
Safed, a city of Galilee, Tyrian coins found there in 1855, 2 7> not e Salatis, or Saites, 118, 126
Samdan, the Assyrian name of Hercules, 92, note Sandes, (properly Samdan), the Assyrian name of Hercules, 92 Sennacherib, 86, 87, 88, 89 Seth, or Set,
Typhon, the asinine deity of the Syrian
the cuneiform inscriptions Syria
from
is
tribes,
whence
in
called u donkey-land," imiri-su
yon.
Sethosis, 129
Shaddai (Almighty) confounded with sadeh, a Shepherds, also called Captives, 128
;
field, 9,
note
driven out by Tethmosis, 100,
129, 133
Sibyl, The, quoted, 75
Sinecherim, 87, 88
Sippara (Tantibiblon) city
of,
the Sepharvaim of Scripture, note, 51
Siriadic land, 109, 151 pillars,
or columns
;
or columns of Seth, 152
Sisithrus (Xisuthrus) 49, 54, 85
Siton (Corn in Greek, in Hebrew, dagan), 12, note
Smith (George) interprets the Deluge Tablets, 48 Smith, G., his Chaldaean Account of Genesis mentioned, note, Sydyk, the righteous one, Syncellus, George, notice Syria, called
10,
note
;
of, 102, 104,
" ass-land,''
50,
92
father of the Cabiri, 19
106
imirisu, in the cuneiform inscriptions
;
worshipped Set or Seth, or Typhon.
Taautus
(or
Thoor, or Thoyth, or Thoth),
i.e.,
Hermes,
10, 11
Talbot, Fox, Mr., translates the inscription of Tiglath Pileser
Tamil words found
Tammuz,
/.*.,
in the
Hebrew
Adonis (Duzi or Turzi, „
i.,
xxiv
Scriptures, 167, note in the cuneiform), 12
the Mysteries of celebrated by the Jews, 12, note
„
„
„
at Athens, ibid
„
„
„
at Byblus, 13
Tauthe (Mother of the Gods, and Wife of Apason), the same as tamti, the Sea, 92
Technites,
*.*.,
the Artist, 8
Teredon, a City built by Nebuchadnezzar, 73 Tethmosis, or Tuthmosis, the Expeller of the Shepherds,
100, 133
INDEX.
214 Thebes Thoth,
in Egypt, called i.e.,
No
Ammon No
and
Hermes, or Mercury,
Troglodytae,
i.e.,
3, II,
in
our Bible, 138, note
19
Cave-Dwellers (Periplus), 37
Typhon, Set, the asinine Deity of the Syrians, who are called by
Balaam "children," Tyre, a Holy City, note
i.e.,
16,
" worshippers of Seth," 132
27 note
Ubara-Tutu, i.e., Ardates, or Otiartes, 49 Ur, eldest Son of Bel, a Babylonian Deity so called, Us5us,
name
also of a
of a
God mentioned
Suburb of Tyre, so
in the
51,
note
;
53,
note
Cuneiform Inscriptions, and
called, 6.
Velleius Paterculus, quoted, 190 Venus, called Anaitis by the Assyrians, 92
Aphrodite by the Greeks, 16
„
Astarte by the Phoenicians, 16
„
Vulcan
(in
Greek, Hephaestus),
with bil-kan,
God
of Fire,
Chaldean Account of Genesis,
Xisuthrus, or
identified with Tubal Cain, and Son of Anu, by Mr. G. Smith, in
is
p.
56
Tsisit or Sisit (Khasis-Adra, the hero of the Flood)
49,85 Zeus, the Greek name of Jupiter, the
Ammon
of the Egyptians
Belus, Bel, or Baal of the Semitic nations, 10, note
Zoganes
(the
Hebrew
Zoroaster (Zerdusht),
-jjd,
Sagan,
xii., xiii
i.e.,
chief, or ruler),
68
;
the
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
LIBRARY
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