Facts about Women and Men in Great Britain 1999
Women and Men . . . . . . in Education and Training At age 16, 51 per cent of girls and 41 per cent of boys had gained five or more passes at grades A*-C of GCSE or grades 1-3 of SCE Standard. 1 32 per cent of girls and 26 per cent of boys had gained two or more A level passes aged 17-19 either at school or at an FE institution or three or more SCE Highers in Years S5/S6. 1 . . . at Work 68 per cent of women and 78 per cent of men of working age are in employment. 2 Employment rates are closest for the under 25s; 59 per cent of young women and 63 per cent of young men are in employment. 2 37 per cent of disabled women and 39 per cent of disabled men of working age are in employment. 2 Women outnumber men three to one in clerical and secretarial occupations, whilst men outnumber women ten to one in craft and related occupations. 2 . . . combining Work and Family Life 50 per cent of mothers with children aged under 5 are in work, compared with 89 per cent of fathers. 2 65 per cent of mothers with children aged under 5 and working as employees are in part-time work, compared with 3 per cent of fathers. 2 For every 7 children aged under 8 there was only one place in a day nursery or family centre, with a registered childminder or at an out of school club. 3 . . . and their Income Women employees working full-time earn on average only 80 per cent of the average hourly earnings of men full-time employees. 4 In the adult population, women’s individual income is on average only 53 per cent of men’s. 5
1
2 3
4 5
Sources: Department for Education and Employment; The National Assembly for Wales; The Scottish Executive. Labour Force Survey Spring 1998, Office for National Statistics. Children’s Day Care Facilities at 31 March 1998 England, Department for Education and Employment; Population Estimates Unit, Office for National Statistics. New Earnings Survey 1998, Office for National Statistics. Women’s Individual Income 1996/97, Women’s Unit & Department for Social Security 1
Introduction The contents of this annual card have been selected to give a broad picture of the relative position of women and men in Great Britain. Two joint projects by the EOC and the Office for National Statistics (ONS) provide further information. ‘A Brief Guide to Gender Statistics’ can be obtained from ONS Sales on 01633-812-078 and ‘Social Focus on Women and Men’ can be ordered from The Stationery Office on 0870-600-5522. Copies of this card and other information on gender equality and sex discrimination can be found on the EOC website at www.eoc.org.uk or by contacting: Equal Opportunities Commission Overseas House, Quay Street Manchester, M3 3HN E-mail:
[email protected] Fax: 0161-835-1657 Tel & Minicom: 0161-833-9244 Please note that the statistics in this booklet are covered by Crown Copyright and are reproduced by permission of the Controller of HMSO.
Resident Population, 1997 GREAT BRITAIN Total population: 57.3 millions Women & girls
Men & boys
Thousands
% of total population
Thousands
% of total population
Under 16 Working age (16-59/64) Over SRA* (60/65 and over)
5,695 16,742 6,728
10 29 12
5,998 18,461 3,710
10 32 6
All ages
29,165
51
28,169
49
Age group
* SRA = State Retirement Age (Source: Population Trends Winter 1998, Office for National Statistics)
National Curriculum Assessments, 1998 School pupils aged 7, 11 & 14 ENGLAND
per cent at expected level Girls
Boys
TA’
Test
TA’
Test
Key Stage 1 - level 2 or above English Mathematics Science
86 87 87
54-86* 86 —
76 83 85
54-76* 83 —
Key Stage 2 - level 4 or above English Mathematics Science
72 66 72
73 58 69
59 64 70
57 59 70
Key Stage 3 - level 5 or above English Mathematics Science
71 65 63
73 59 55
53 62 60
56 60 57
‘ Teaching Assessment * Results from four tests are reported separately, these are: reading task, reading comprehension, writing & spelling. (Source: National Curriculum Assessments of 7, 11 & 14 year olds in England - 1998, Statistical Bulletin 6/99, Department for Education & Employment)
2
Examination Achievements, 1996/7 GREAT BRITAIN England Girls GCSEs and SCE Standard Grades* 5 or more grades A*-C or 1-3 50.0 1-4 grades A*-C or 1-3 26.0 1 or more D-G or 4-7, no higher grades 17.4 No graded results 6.5 2 or more GCE A levels or 3 or more SCE Highers^
Wales
Scotland
Gt Britain
48.9 23.6
60.8 24.6
51.0 25.8
19.0 8.5
10.2 4.4
16.8 6.4
30.4
35.0
31.6
38.6 22.9
48.9 30.7
41.2 25.2
26.4 12.2
15.4 4.9
25.0 8.6
23.1
25.4
25.5
32.5
Boys GCSEs and SCE Standard Grades* 5 or more grades A*-C or 1-3 40.5 1-4 grades A*-C or 1-3 24.8 1 or more D-G or 4-7, no higher grades 26.0 No graded results 8.8 2 or more GCE A levels or 3 or more SCE Highers^
26.7
* examination achievements of pupils in their last year of compulsory education ^ examination achievements of pupils in schools and students in FE aged 17-19 at the end of the academic year in England and Wales as a percentage of the 18 year old population; and of pupils in Years S5/S6 in Scotland as a percentage of the 17 year old population. (Source: Department for Education and Employment, The National Assembly for Wales, The Scottish Executive)
Modern Apprenticeships, 1999 ENGLAND & WALES Women Selected sectors
Men
Thousands % of sector
Thousands % of sector
Engineering manufacture 0.8 Business administration 12.8 Motor industry 0.3 Construction 0.2 Retailing 5.6 Hotel & catering 3.7 Electrical installation engineering 0.1 Hairdressing 7.4 Health & social care 6.0 Childcare 3.9 Accountancy 2.3 Customer service 2.7 Travel service 2.3 Information technology 0.8
4 79 3 2 59 46 1 92 89 97 58 68 86 29
19.4 3.4 10.4 9.2 3.9 4.4 8.0 0.6 0.7 0.1 1.7 1.3 0.4 1.9
96 21 97 98 41 54 99 8 11 3 42 32 14 71
Total for these sectors
43
65.5
57
49.0
(Source: TEC delivered Government supported training: work-based training for young people and for adults - England and Wales,Statistical First Release 14/1999, Department for Education and Employment)
3
Examinations: Entries and Results, 1996/7 Entries for all ages in schools and FE sector colleges GREAT BRITAIN
Women
Men
Entries % passes at Thousands C or above#
Entries % passes at Thousands C or above#
GCSE/SCE Standard grade English French Mathematics Single Award Science Double Award Science* Design & Technology* Craft, Design & Technology Business Studies Home Economics Art & Design Geography History
325 204 342 38 235 69 23 70 95 121 133 125
64 57 47 22 49 54 55 56 45 70 58 61
333 178 345 39 234 78 96 63 18 113 171 118
48 42 47 18 48 39 41 48 26 52 51 53
Any subject
380
78
384
70
43 21 33 40 24 10 23 26 22 27 52
58 63 66 56 64 68 57 70 64 56 46
25 8 54 26 29 33 20 16 27 21 25
57 63 63 53 62 61 51 61 56 57 42
GCE A level/SCE Higher grade English French Mathematics Biological Sciences Chemistry Physics Business Studies Art & Design Geography History Social Studies* # SCE Standard grades 1-3
* England & Wales only
(Source: Education and Training Statistics for the UK 1998, Department for Education and Employment)
NVQ/SVQ Awards by Occupational Group, 1997/8 UNITED KINGDOM
Women
Men
Major occupational groups* Thousands % of group Managers & administrators Professional Associate professional & technical Clerical & secretarial Craft & related Personal & protective Sales Plant & machine operatives Miscellaneous All occupations
Thousands % of group
46.4 17.2
66 80
24.4 4.4
34 20
16.7 60.8 9.2 66.6 16.4 3.2 4.8
63 57 10 73 73 19 39
10.0 46.0 79.5 25.0 6.1 13.3 7.4
37 43 90 27 27 81 61
241.7
53
216.3
47
* occupational group is determined by the subject of the qualification awarded and not by current job (Source: Vocational qualifications in the UK 1997/98, Statistical Bulletin 9/99, Department for Education and Employment)
4
GNVQ/GSVQ Awards by Occupational Group, 1997/8 UNITED KINGDOM
Women
Men
Major occupational groups* Thousands % of group
Thousands % of group
Managers & administrators Associate professional Clerical & secretarial Craft & related Personal & protective Unknown
— 18.0 14.8 — 15.2 —
— 59 42 — 63 —
2.6 12.6 20.3 2.3 9.0 3.1
— 41 58 — 37 —
All occupations^
52.4
54
45.0
46
— less than 1,000 * occupational group is determined by the subject of the qualification awarded and not by current job ^ including those not shown separately (Source: Vocational qualifications in the UK 1997/98, Statistical Bulletin 9/99, Department for Education and Employment)
Students in Higher Education Institutions, 1997/8 First degree undergraduates GREAT BRITAIN
Thousands Women
Subject area Medicine & dentistry Subjects allied to medicine Biological sciences Veterinary science Agriculture & related subjects Physical sciences Mathematical sciences Computer science Engineering & technology Architecture, building & planning Social, economic & political studies Law Business & administrative studies Librarianship & information science Languages Humanities Creative arts & design Education Combined All subjects
Men
Full-time
Part-time
Full-time
Part-time
14.2 33.1 37.3 1.7 3.9 17.3 5.8 8.1 11.4
— 18.5 1.8 — 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.9 0.5
13.2 11.2 24.0 0.9 3.4 30.2 9.6 34.5 66.5
— 2.1 1.0 — 0.1 1.3 0.1 3.2 6.9
5.4
0.9
16.7
4.3
41.1 19.2
2.8 3.3
29.7 13.9
2.0 3.6
50.2
5.2
49.4
4.5
7.6 41.9 17.7 40.5 35.9 60.5
0.5 2.1 1.7 1.8 3.1 5.2
4.8 17.0 15.0 29.3 10.8 45.8
0.2 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 3.3
452.9
49.4
425.9
36.7
— less than 50 (Source: Students in Higher Education Institutions 1997/98, Higher Education Statistics Agency)
5
Students in Further Education, 1995/96 ENGLAND Women Programme area
% of prog. area
Thousands
% of prog. area
240 21 7 20 356 68 327 115 436 125
56 48 8 9 64 57 73 60 61 59
193 23 83 210 203 52 118 75 280 86
44 52 92 91 36 43 27 40 39 41
1,713
56
1,322
44
Science Agriculture Construction Engineering Business Hotel & catering Health & community care Art & design Humanities Basic education All programme areas
Men
Thousands
(Source: Further Education Funding Council) LABOUR MARKET DEFINITIONS People of working age — women aged 16 to 59 and men aged 16 to 64. In employment — people aged 16 or over who did some paid work in the reference week; those who had a job they were temporarily away from; those on government-supported training and employment programmes; and those doing unpaid work for their own or a family business. The employment rate is expressed as a percentage of the group which includes those in employment, the ILO unemployed and those outside the labour market. ILO Unemployed — an International Labour Organisation (ILO) recommended measure, which counts as unemployed those aged 16 and over who are without a job, are available to start work in the next two weeks, and have been seeking a job in the last four weeks or are waiting to start a job already obtained. The unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of the economically active. Economically Active — people aged 16 and over who are either in employment or ILO unemployed. The economic activity rate is expressed as a percentage of those economically active plus those outside the labour market. Outside Labour Market — also often described as economically inactive, those who are neither in employment nor ILO unemployed.
Children’s Day Care, 1998 ENGLAND
No. of places % of places Thousands
Places in a day nursery or family centre, with a registered childminder or at an out of school club of which: Day nurseries/family centres Childminders Out of school club Playgroup places
686 223 371 92
64 21 35 9
384
36
Total places
1,070
100
Number of under 8s (mid-1998) Number of children for each place (excluding playgroups)
5,037 7
(Source: Children’s Day Care Facilities at 31 March 1998 England, Department for Education & Employment; Population Estimates Unit, Office for National Statistics)
6
Economic Activity by Marital Status, 1998 People of working age GREAT BRITAIN
Thousands per cent Married or cohabiting
Women In employment Employment rate
Not married or cohabiting Single Separated, divorced or widowed
Total
7,635 72
2,487 62
1,131 59
11,253 68
275 3
265 10
109 9
649 5
Economically active Economic activity rate
7,910 74
2,752 69
1,240 65
11,901 72
Outside labour market
2,750
1,264
671
4,685
9,988 85
3,527 67
745 65
14,261 78
416 4
518 13
110 13
1,044 7
Economically active Economic activity rate
10,404 88
4,045 77
855 75
15,305 84
Outside labour market
1,413
1,222
289
2,925
ILO unemployed Unemployment rate
Men In employment Employment rate ILO unemployed Unemployment rate
(Source: EOC analysis of Labour Force Survey Spring 1998, Office for National Statistics)
Economic Activity by Disability Status, 1998 People of working age GREAT BRITAIN
Thousands per cent Women
Men
Disabled* Not disabled In employment Employment rate ILO unemployed Unemployment rate Economically active Economic activity rate Outside labour market
Disabled* Not disabled
857 37
10,396 73
975 39
13,286 84
83 9
566 5
137 12
907 6
940 41
10,962 77
1,112 44
14,193 90
1,360
3,325
1,390
1,535
* Disability Discrimination Act definition of current disability is a health problem or disability which significantly limits the ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities, or a progressive illness. (Source: EOC analysis of Labour Force Survey Spring 1998, Office for National Statistics)
7
Economic Activity by Age Group, 1998 People aged 16 and over GREAT BRITAIN
Thousands per cent 16-24
25-44
45-64 65 and over
1,757 59
5,954 71
3,867 58
168 3
209 11
324 5
123 3
— —
Economically active Economic activity rate
1,966 66
6,277 75
3,990 60
172 3
Outside labour market
1,028
2,074
2,636
4,834
Men In employment Employment rate
1,986 63
7,525 88
4,750 73
266 7
319 14
455 6
271 5
— —
2,305 73
7,979 93
5,020 77
275 8
836
595
1,494
3,345
Women In employment Employment rate ILO unemployed Unemployment rate
ILO unemployed Unemployment rate Economically active Economic activity rate Outside labour market — less than 10,000
(Source: EOC analysis of Labour Force Survey Spring 1998, Office for National Statistics)
Employment by Occupation, 1998 Employees and self-employed aged 16 and over GREAT BRITAIN Women Major occupational groups Managers & administrators Professional Associate professional & technical Clerical & secretarial Craft & related Personal & protective Sales Plant & machine operatives Other occupations All occupations*
Men
Thousands % of group
Thousands % of group
1,385 1,082
33 39
2,816 1,669
67 61
1,305 2,892 281 1,906 1,299 468 1,000
50 75 9 67 64 19 48
1,314 984 2,877 938 736 1,993 1,064
50 25 91 33 36 81 52
11,618
45
14,394
55
* includes those not stating occupation (Source: EOC analysis of Labour Force Survey Spring 1998, Office for National Statistics)
8
Employment by Ethnic Origin, 1998 People of working age GREAT BRITAIN In employment Women
ILO unemployed
Thousands
Rate (%)
Thousands
Rate (%)
118 47 164 45 70 92
64 44 57 21 50 53
14 12 17 13 — 15
10 20 9 23 — 14
All non-White groups White
536 10,714
48 69
79 570
13 5
All ethnic groups
11,253
68
649
5
111 83 245 122 87 92
70 64 73 53 61 59
18 16 24 33 11 21
14 17 9 21 11 18
All non-White groups White
739 13,519
64 79
122 922
14 6
All ethnic groups
14,261
78
1,044
7
Black - Caribbean Black - African Indian Pakistani & Bangladeshi Chinese & other Asian Mixed & other origins
Men Black - Caribbean Black - African Indian Pakistani & Bangladeshi Chinese & other Asian Mixed & other origins
— less than 10,000 (Source: EOC analysis of Labour Force Survey Spring 1998, Office for National Statistics)
Flexible Working Arrangements, 1998 Employees aged 16 and over GREAT BRITAIN Women
Any flexible working arrangement Flexible working hours Annualised hours contract Term time working Job sharing Nine day fortnight Four & a half day week Zero hours contract None of these/don’t know All employees*
Men
Thousands
% of employees
Thousands
% of employees
2,552 1,156 354 774 160 11 138 83 7,788
23.7 10.7 3.3 7.2 1.5 0.1 1.3 0.8 72.3
1,889 966 403 161 17 41 284 66 9,653
15.6 8.0 3.3 1.3 0.1 0.3 2.4 0.6 79.9
10,767
100
12,077
100
* includes those not responding to the question on flexible work. (Source: EOC analysis of Labour Force Survey Spring 1998, Office for National Statistics)
9
Occupational Segregation, 1998 Employees and self-employed aged 16 or over GREAT BRITAIN Women Selected occupations
Thousands
Drivers of road goods vehicles Production, works & maintenance managers Warehouse & storekeepers Computer analyst/programmers Technical & wholesale reps. Marketing & sales managers Chefs & cooks Secondary teachers Sales assistants Waiters & waitresses Book-keepers & financial clerks Computer & records clerks Counter clerks & cashiers Cleaners & domestics Catering assistants Retail check-out operators Primary & nursery teachers Nurses Care assistants & attendants
Men
% of employees
Thousands
% of employees
16
3
451
97
30 49 52 55 137 127 180 896 154 519 231 252 555 189 167 302 418 461
8 13 21 25 26 52 53 74 75 75 77 78 81 82 82 86 89 92
361 323 193 166 388 119 159 307 51 169 69 69 129 41 36 48 51 40
92 87 79 75 74 48 47 26 25 25 23 22 19 18 18 14 11 8
(Source: EOC analysis of Labour Force Survey Spring 1998, Office for National Statistics)
Employment Type by Family Type, 1998 People of working age with dependent children GREAT BRITAIN
Thousands per cent Women Lone parent
Employees* full-time part-time % part-time Self-employed
680 287 393 58
Men
Married or cohabiting 3,405 1,322 2,083 61
Lone parent 79 70 — —
Married or cohabiting 4,340 4,229 111 3
45
339
13
918
All in employment^ Employment rate
733 44
3,774 68
93 59
5,271 89
ILO unemployed ILO unemployment rate
142 16
172 4
17 15
247 4
Outside labour market
780
1,584
47
400
* includes those not stating full-time/part-time ^ Employees, self-employed, on government programmes or unpaid family workers. — less than 10,000 (Source: EOC analysis of Labour Force Survey Spring 1998, Office for National Statistics)
10
Employment Type by Age of Youngest Dependent Child, 1998 People of working age GREAT BRITAIN
Women Employees* full-time part-time % part-time Self-employed All in employment^ Employment rate ILO unemployed ILO unemployment rate
Thousands per cent Age of youngest dependent child 0-4 5-10 11 or over 1,357 480 877 65
1,309 451 857 66
1,419 677 742 52
No dependent children 6,283 4,298 1,984 32
130
127
127
389
1,499 50
1,449 68
1,558 76
6,747 72
147 9
102 7
65 4
335 5
1,940 1,884 56 3
1,247 1,212 35 3
1,232 1,203 29 2
7,518 6,754 764 10
Men Employees* full-time part-time % part-time Self-employed All in employment^ Employment rate ILO unemployed ILO unemployment rate
355
288
287
1,269
2,301 89
1,541 89
1,522 87
8,896 73
132 5
68 4
64 4
780 8
* includes those not stating full-time or part-time ^ Employees, self-employed, on government programmes or unpaid family workers. — less than10,000 (Source: EOC analysis of Labour Force Survey Spring 1998, Office for National Statistics)
Members of Parliament, 1999 UNITED KINGDOM Political party
Women No. of MPs % of MPs in party
Men No. of MPs % of MPs in party
Conservative Labour Liberal Democrats Other parties*
14 101 3 3
9 24 7 8
147 315 43 33
91 76 93 92
All parties
121
18
538
82
* includes speaker and independent MP (Source: House of Commons Weekly Information Bulletin, August 1999)
11
Members of the European Parliament, 1999 UNITED KINGDOM Political party
Women No. of MEPs % of MEPs in party
Men No. of MEPs % of MEPs in party
Conservative Labour Liberal Democrats Other parties & independents
3 10 5 3
8 34 50 25
33 19 5 9
92 66 50 75
All parties
21
24
66
76
(Source: The Guardian, 15 June 1999)
Full-Time Earnings 1978, 1998 Average gross hourly earnings, excluding the effects of overtime, and weekly earnings of full-time employees on adult rates. GREAT BRITAIN Women
Men
Ratio of W’s to M’s earnings
148.0
204.9
72
822 514 889
1026 710 1294
80 72 69
56.4
89.1
63
309.6 210.8 330.1
427.1 328.5 506.1
72 64 65
Hourly earnings (pence per hour) 1978 All* 1998 All Manual Non-manual Weekly earnings (pounds per week) 1978 All* 1998 All Manual Non-manual
* women aged 18 & over, men aged 21 & over (Source: New Earnings Surveys 1978 & 1998, Office for National Statistics)
Part-time Employees by Age Group, 1998 Part-time employees aged 16 and over GREAT BRITAIN Women Thousands % part-time 16 25 45 65
- 24 - 44 - 64 and over
All ages
Men Thousands % part-time
693 2,268 1,696 113
41 41 49 90
471 188 224 99
26 3 6 71
4,770
44
983
8
(Source: EOC analysis of Labour Force Survey Spring 1998, Office for National Statistics)
12
Part-time Earnings, 1998 Gross pay* in main job of part-time employees aged 16 and over GREAT BRITAIN
Hourly earnings (£) Weekly earnings (£)
Women
Men
Ratio of W’s to M’s earnings
5.58
5.65
99
98
90
109
* respondents are asked for their total pay before deductions the last time they were paid, or if not yet paid, how much is expected (Source: EOC analysis of Labour Force Survey Spring 1998, Office for National Statistics)
Relative Earnings of Couples, 1996/97 Gross weekly earnings from employment or self-employment where both partners work 16 hours a week or more. GREAT BRITAIN
% of couples
Woman earns over 10 per cent more Woman earns 5 to 10 per cent more Earnings are within +/- 5 per cent Man earns 5 to 10 per cent more Man earns over 10 per cent more
16 2 7 2 73
All couples
100
(Source: Social Focus on Women and Men, Equal Opportunities Commission/Office for National Statistics)
Members of Pension Schemes, 1994-96 Employee membership of occupational and personal pension schemes. GREAT BRITAIN Women Full-time Part-time
per cent Men Full-time
Professional Employers & managers Intermediate non-manual Junior non-manual Skilled manual Semi-skilled manual* Unskilled manual
79 78 80 65 56 46 39
67 59 53 34 30 23 16
89 88 85 75 72 64 54
All socio-economic groups
67
33
77
* includes personal services (Source: Social Focus on Women and Men, Equal Opportunities Commission/Office for National Statistics)
13
Individual Income by Source, 1996/7 Average gross weekly personal income of all people aged 16 or over GREAT BRITAIN Women £ per week % of total income Earnings Self employment Occupational pensions/annuities Investment Benefit income, including state pension Other Total income
Men £ per week % of total income
94 7 7 7
61 5 5 5
192 34 21 10
66 12 7 3
33 4
22 3
27 5
9 2
153
100
289
100
(Source: Women’s Individual Income 1996/97, Women’s Unit & Department for Social Security)
Accounts, Savings & Investments, 1996/7 Percentage of people having the items listed per cent GREAT BRITAIN Single adult families Women Men
Couple families Woman’s Man’s name or name or joint names joint names
Current account Other bank/building society account* Premium bonds Stocks & shares Post Office account TESSA National Savings bonds PEPs Unit trusts Save as you earn Gilts
65
73
82
86
45 15 9 9 7 5 4 3 1 1
42 14 11 7 6 3 5 3 1 —
60 20 16 7 11 5 8 5 1 1
56 21 21 5 11 4 10 6 2 1
Any of the above
81
84
91
92
* Excluding current accounts and TESSAs — less than 0.5% (Source: Social Focus on Women and Men, Equal Opportunities Commission/Office for National Statistics)
14
Overseas House,Quay Street Manchester M3 3HN E-mail:
[email protected] Website: www.eoc.org.uk Fax: 0161 835 1657 Tel. & Minicom: 0161 833 9244
