Biological anthropology

Biological anthropology • Paleopathology is the study of disease in antiquity. This study focuses not only on pathogenic...

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Biological anthropology • Paleopathology is the study of disease in antiquity. This study focuses not only on pathogenic conditions observable in bones or mummified soft tissue, but also on nutritional disorders, variation in stature or the morphology of bones over time, evidence of physical trauma, or evidence of occupationally derived biomechanic stress.

Biological anthropology, also known as physical anthropology, is a scientific discipline concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects of human beings, their related non-human primates and their extinct hominin ancestors.[1] It is a subfield of anthropology that provides a biological perspective to the systematic study of human beings.

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• Forensic anthropology, the application of osteology, paleopathology, archaeology, and other anthropological techniques for the identification of modern human remains or the reconstruction of events surrounding a person’s death.

Branches

As a subfield of anthropology, biological anthropology itself is further divided into several branches. All branches are united in their common application of evolutionary theory to understanding human morphology and behavior. • Paleoanthropology, the study of fossil evidence for human evolution, studying extinct hominid and other primate species to determine the environment into which modern humans evolved, and how our species dispersed to eventually cover much of the earth’s land mass. • Primatology, the study of non-human primate behavior, morphology, and genetics. Reasons via homology and analogy to infer how and why similar human traits evolved. • Human behavioral ecology, the study of behavioral adaptations (foraging, reproduction, ontogeny) from the evolutionary and ecologic perspectives, (see behavioral ecology). Human adaptation, the study of human adaptive responses (physiologic, developmental, genetic) to environmental stresses and variation.

• Human biology, an interdisciplinary field of biology, biological anthropology, nutrition and medicine, concentrates upon international, populationlevel perspectives on health, evolution, anatomy, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach physiology, adaptation and population genetics. • Bioarchaeology, the study of past human cultures through examination of human remains recovered in an archaeological context. The examined human remains usually comprises bones, but may include preserved soft tissue. Researchers in bioarchaeology combine the skillsets of human osteology, paleopathology, and archaeology, and often consider the mortuary context of the remains in the final analysis.

2 History Scientific physical anthropology began in the 18th century with the study of racial classification.[2] In the 1830s and 1840s, physical anthropology was prominent in the debate about slavery, with the scientific, monogenist works of the British abolitionist James Cowles Prichard 1

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Franz Boas

(1786–1848) opposing those of the American polygenist Samuel George Morton (1799–1851). The first prominent physical anthropologist, the German physician Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752–1840) of Göttingen, amassed a large collection of human skulls.

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BIOMEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Aleš Hrdlička

There was much intellectual continuity with Germans such as Eugen Fischer, Fritz Lenz and Erwin Baur.[5]

In 1951 Sherwood Washburn, a Hooton alumnus, introduced a “new physical anthropology.”[6] He changed the focus from racial typology to concentrate upon the study of human evolution, moving away from classification toIn the latter 19th century French physical anthropologists, wards evolutionary process. Anthropology expanded to led by Paul Broca (1824–1880), focused on craniometry comprehend paleoanthropology and primatology.[7] while the German tradition, led by Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902), emphasized the influence of environment and disease upon the human body. American thought has evolved during the “four-field approach”, skeletons, arti- 3 Human biology facts, language and culture and many (ways of life), based upon studies on the remains of the North American ho- Human biology is an interdisciplinary academic field minin clade. consisting of contributions from biology, anthropology, In 1897 Columbia University appointed Franz Boas and medicine which focuses on humans; it is closely re(1858–1942) as a physical anthropologist for his ex- lated to primate biology, and a number of other fields. pertise in measuring schoolchildren and collecting Inuit skeletons. From his German education and training, Boas emphasized the mutability of the human form and mini- 4 Biomedical anthropology mized race (then a biology synonym) in favor of culture. Ales Hrdlicka (1869–1943), a physician, studied physical Biomedical anthropology is a subfield of anthropology, anthropology in France under Leonce Manouvrier before predominantly found in US academic and public health working at the Smithsonian Institution from 1902. settings, that incorporates perspectives from the biologEarnest Hooton (1887–1954), a Classics PhD from ical and medical anthropology subfields. In contrast the University of Wisconsin, entered anthropology as to much of medical anthropology, it does not generan Oxford Rhodes Scholar under R. R. Marett and ally take a critical approach to biomedicine and Westthe anatomist Arthur Keith. Harvard University hired ern medicine. Instead, it seeks to improve medical pracHooton in 1913; he trained most American physical tice and biomedical science through the holistic inteanthropologists of the coming decades, beginning with gration of cross-cultural or biocultural, behavioral, and Harry L. Shapiro and Carleton S. Coon,[3] and struggled epidemiological perspectives on health. As an academic to differentiate physical anthropology from racism.[4] discipline, biomedical anthropology is closely related to

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• Pardis Sabeti (born 1975)

Currently, the only accredited degree program in biomedical anthropology is at Binghamton University . Other anthropology departments, such as that of the University of Washington,[8] offer biomedical tracks within more traditional biological or biocultural anthropology programs.

• Eugenie C. Scott (born 1945) • Meredith Small • Phillip V. Tobias (born 1925) • Douglas H. Ubelaker (born 1946)

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Notable biological anthropologists

• Sherwood Washburn (1911–2000) • David Watts

• John Lawrence Angel

• Tim White (born 1950)

• George J. Armelagos (born 1936)

• Milford H. Wolpoff (born 1942)

• William M. Bass

• Richard Wrangham

• Jane E. Buikstra (born 1945) • Robert Corruccini • Raymond Dart • Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt

6 See also • Anthropometry, the measurement of the human individual

• Linda Fedigan

• Craniometry

• A. Roberto Frisancho (born 1939)

• Ethology

• Jane Goodall

• Evolutionary biology

• Dian Fossey

• Evolutionary psychology

• Birute Galdikas

• Paleontology

• Alice Roberts

• Physiognomy

• Colin Groves

• Primatology

• Yohannes Haile-Selassie

• Sociobiology

• Ralph Holloway (born 1935) • William W. Howells • Donald Johanson • Robert Jurmain • Louis Leakey • Mary Leakey • Richard Leakey (born 1944) • Frank B. Livingstone (1928–2005) • Owen Lovejoy • Russell Mittermeier • Douglas W. Owsley (born 1951) • David Pilbeam • Kathy Reichs (Kathleen Joan Toelle Reichs)

7 References [1] Jurmain, R, et al (2013), Introduction to Physical Anthropology, Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. [2] Marks, J. (1995) Human Biodiversity: Genes, Race, and History. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. [3] Spencer, Frank (1997). History of Physical Anthropology. New York: Garland Pub. pp. 499–500. ISBN 0-81530490-0. [4] Hooton, E. A. (1936) “Plain Statements About Race”, Science, 83:511–513. [5] Baur, E., Fischer, E., and Lenz, F. (1931) Human Heredity, Eden Paul and Cedar Paul, translators. New York: Macmillan, [6] Washburn, S. L. (1951) “The New Physical Anthropology”, Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series II, 13:298–304.

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[7] Haraway, D. (1988) “Remodelling the Human Way of Life: Sherwood Washburn and the New Physical Anthropology, 1950–1980”, in Bones, Bodies, Behavior: Essays on Biological Anthropology, of the History of Anthropology, v.5, G. Stocking, ed., Madison, Wisc., University of Wisconsin Press, pp. 206–259. [8] “Anthropology : Academic Programs : Additional Specialty Areas : Medical Anthropology and Global Health”. Depts.washington.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-13.

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Further reading

Main article: List of important publications in anthropology • Michael A. Little and Kenneth A.R. Kennedy, eds. Histories of American Physical Anthropology in the Twentieth Century, (Lexington Books; 2010); 259 pages; essays on the field from the late 19th to the late 20th century; topics include Sherwood L. Washburn (1911–2000) and the “new physical anthropology" • Brown, Ryan A and Armelagos, George, “Apportionment of Racial Diversity: A Review”, Evolutionary Anthropology 10:34–40 2001 • Modern Human Variation: Models of Classification • Redman, Samuel J. Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2016.

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External links • American Association of Physical Anthropologists • British Association of Biological Anthropologists and Osteoarchaeologists • Human Biology Association • Canadian Association for Physical Anthropology • Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis reconstructions – Electronic articles published by the Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History. • Istituto Italiano di Antropologia • Journal of Anthropological Sciences – free full text review articles available • Mapping Transdisciplinarity in Anthropology pdf • Fundamental Theory of Human Sciences ppt • American Journal of Human Biology

EXTERNAL LINKS

• Human Biology, The International Journal of Population Genetics and Anthropology • Economics and Human Biology • Laboratory for Human Biology Research at Northwestern University • The Program in Human Biology at Stanford • Society for the Study of Human Biology Symposium Series • Scottish Qualifications Authority • Society for Nordish Physical Anthropology

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