BBI3202 Exercise 2 Phonemic Analysis

PHONOLOGICAL RULES: Exercises Allophones: #1. Consider the following words of English with respect to how the sound repr...

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PHONOLOGICAL RULES: Exercises Allophones: #1. Consider the following words of English with respect to how the sound represented by t is pronounced. Specify for each column what the phonetic character of the allophone is. Describe the allophones of /t/ in English and specify their distribution. A

B

C

D

tougher standing matter petunia talker

still

data

potato

teller

story

petal

return

#2. Fijian is an example of a language with pre-nasalized stops in its phonological inventory. (The pre-nasalized stop [nd] consists of a nasal pronounced immediately before the stop, with which it forms a single sound unit.) Consider the following Fijian words as they are pronounced in fast speech: vindi

'to spring up'

dina

'true'

ke da 'we'

dalo

'taro plant'

tiko

vundi

'plantain banana'

n

'to stay'

n

tutu

'grandfather'

ma da

'first'

viti

'Fiji'

tina

'mother'

dovu

'sugarcane'

mata

'eye'

n

do do 'to stretch out one's hand' mokiti

'round'

vevendu (a type of plant) On the basis of these data, determine whether in Fijian [d], [nd], and [t] are allophones of a single phoneme or are two or three distinct phonemes. If you find that two of them (or all of them) are allophones of a single phoneme, state the rule that describes the distribution of each allophone. If they are all different phonemes, justify your answer. Note: In Fijian all syllables must end in a vowel.

Complementary distribution #1. Kongo Obstruents In Southern Kongo, we find [t, s, z] in complementary distribution with [ respectively: 1. tobola

'to bore a hole'

9.

nselele

2.

'to cut'

10.

lolon

3. kesoka

'to be cut'

11.

zevo

'then'

4. nko i

'lion'

12.

a

'alms'

5. zenga

'to cut'

13.

nzwetu

'our hourse'

6.

'to stretch'

14.

kunezulu

'to heaven'

7. kasu

'emaciation'

15.

tanu

'five'

8.

'banana'

ina

ima

iba

,

,

'termite' i

imola

'to wash'

a) State the distribution of these sounds. Where do [t, s, z] occur? Where do [ ,

],

,

] occur?

b) Which sounds should be taken as representing the basic underlying phonemes, and which as representing their surface variants? State your reasons.

basic: nonbasic:

c) State the rule that derives the surface variants from the basic phonemes you have proposed.

#2. Ganda Liquids [r] and [l] are in complementary distribution in one variety of Ganda. State the conditions under which each appears. 1.

kola

'do'

11. wulira

'hear'

2.

lwana

'fight'

12. beera

'help'

3.

buulira

'tell'

13. jjukira

'remember'

4.

lya

'eat'

14. eryato

'canoe'

5.

luula

'sit'

15. omuliro

'fire'

6.

omugole

'bride'

16. effirimbi

'whistle'

7.

lumonde

'sweet potato'

17. emmeeri

'ship'

8.

eddwaliro 'hospital'

18. eraddu

'lightning'

9.

oluganda 'Ganda language' 19. wawaabira 'accuse'

10. olulimi

'tongue'

20. lagira

'command'

Phonological Rules Phonological rules are usually written in the following form: A -> B / C __ D In such rules, A is said to be the affected segment, B is the change, and C and D constitute the context or environment. CAD constittutes the structural description (SD) of the rule, and CBD constitutes the structural change (SC). Some conventional symbols: Ø the null set, e.g.

Ø -> B / C __ D "insert B between C and D." A -> Ø / C __ D "delete A between C and D."

#

word boundary

+

morpheme boundary

C

[-syllabic] segment (consonant)

V

[+syllabic] segment (vowel)

V´ stressed vowel C0 zero or more [-syllabic] segments :

lengthened vowel

o syllable (boundary)

1. State what the following rules do in plain English: N.B. [-syl] = consonant, [+syl] = vowel a. [+nas] -> Ø / [+syl] __ # b.

[+syl ] -> [-syll] / __ [+syl] [+high]

c. Ø -> [+syl ] / [+strident]+ __ [-sonorant] [+high] [+coronal] [+coronal] [-back ] d. [-sonorant ] -> [-back] / __ [+syl ] [-continuant] [-back ] [-labial ] [+high] e. V -> [+stress] / __ C0 V C0 V C0 #

2. Restate the following rules in formal notation: a. The glide is insterted between a high front vowel and any following vowel. b. A voiced consonant becomes nasal after a nasal stop. c. Obstruents are devoiced word-finally or when they precede voiceless obstruents. d. A stressed vowel is lengthened if the following vowel is unstressed. e. Voiced stops become the corresponding fricatives intervocalically.

http://www.mta.ca/faculty/arts-letters/mll/linguistics/exercises/index.html