Chapter 1- Juvenile Justice: Definitions, Measurement and Process Multiple Choice 1. a. b. c. d. ANS:
The first juvenile court was established in: 1899 1910 1818 1925 A REF: 24
LO: 2
2.
The philosophy that the government becomes responsible for the care of children and youth is known as: a. the child saver concept b. juvenile justice system c. lex talionis d. parens patriae ANS: D REF: 34 LO: 1 3. a. b. c. d. ANS:
An act that would not be considered a crime if committed by an adult is called: juvenile classification status offense delinquency adjudication B REF: 3 LO: 2
4. a. b. c. d. ANS:
The age at which a youth comes under the juvenile court’s jurisdiction is established by: the United States Department of Justice the FBI each state District Courts C REF: 4 LO: 2
5. a. b. c. d. ANS:
The dark figure of crime is centered on which one of the following: crimes that only occur at night true number of crimes only refers to UCR Index I offenses white collar crimes B REF: 14 LO: 3
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6. a. b. c. d. ANS:
Holding offenders accountable to the victim refers to: retributive justice distributive justice restorative justice universal justice C REF: 5 LO: 3
7.
Information and statistics collected by the police, courts and/or correctional agencies is called: a. unofficial data b. official data c. self-report data d. jurisdiction report data ANS: B REF: 5 LO: 3 8.
Which of the following is intended as a supplement or replacement for the summary data of the UCR? a. NIBRS b. NCVS c. YRBSS d. NCVJ ANS: A REF: 9 LO: 4 9. a. b. c. d. ANS:
Self-report studies on delinquency indicate that: delinquency is regional delinquency is higher in southern states delinquency is almost universal delinquency is higher in urban areas C REF: 10 LO: 5
10. a. b. c. d. ANS:
All of the following are status offenses except: curfew violations smoking cigarettes car theft chronic truancy C REF: 6
11.
LO: 2
Which of the following is characteristic of a state executive agency having across-theboard state control of services? a. decentralized states b. organization and administration c. centralized states d. structure of delinquency services ANS: C REF: 16 LO: 7 2
12. a. b. c. d. ANS:
The three basic components of the juvenile justice system are: law enforcement, social services, and corrections law enforcements, courts, and school law enforcement, courts, and corrections law enforcement, social services, and courts C REF: 16 LO: 3
13.
The view that justice involves four parties, offender and victim, government and community, is called: a. restorative justice b. universal justice c. particular justice d. retributive justice ANS: A REF: 5 LO: 3 14.
The official halting of formal juvenile proceedings against an alleged offender and the referral to a treatment or care program by a private or public service agency is known as: a. petitioning b. diversion c. detention d. intake ANS: B REF: 18 LO: 6 15.
The action involving juveniles that is comparable to the preliminary hearing in the adult system is called: a. dispositional hearing b. probation hearing c. adjudication hearing d. transfer to adult court ANS: C REF: 19 LO: 6 16. a. b. c. d. ANS:
The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS): focuses on arrests of offenders collects data on crimes against individuals and households measures violent and property crimes allows youth to personally reveal information about their violation(s) of the law B REF: 9 LO: 3
17.
When a potentially delinquent youth is sent forward for legal processing and is received by a juvenile or family court or juvenile intake agency, it is known as: a. arrest b. adjudication c. referral d. intake ANS: C REF: 17 LO: 6 3
18.
The approach that places those who are abused and neglected, those who commit status offenses, and those who are delinquents into the same judicial system. a. universal justice b. restorative justice c. one-pot approach d. retributive approach ANS: C REF: 3 LO: 1 19. a. b. c. d. ANS:
Retributive justice: is applied in juvenile courts when victims retrieve actual items that have been stolen is when there is a retrial in juvenile court is seldom used except in cases involving misdemeanors is when revenge is sought for behavior that is unlawful D REF: 9 LO: 3
20. a. b. c.
Restorative justice: holds offenders accountable to the state is a means of restoring physical and emotional health in community hospitals stresses that offenders must actively contribute to repair harm they have done to victims and communities d. focuses on refurbishing jails rather than building new facilities ANS: C REF: 5 LO: 3 21. a. b. c. d. ANS:
The FBI’s Uniform Crime Report (UCR): measures violent and property crimes includes information from victims is a true indicator of the degree of criminality is not available to the public A REF: 7 LO: 4
22. a. b. c. d. ANS:
According to self-report records, delinquency is: more common among the wealthy almost universal when drugs are involved typically not acknowledged by youth prevalent only in isolated sectors of society B REF: 10 LO: 5
23. a. b. c. d. ANS:
An example of a conservative approach to juvenile justice would be: the use of imprisonment to control crime rehabilitation to prevent crime consistent community service as a consequence of crime counseling services as a form of rehabilitation A REF: 24 LO: 8
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24. a. b. c. d. ANS:
Terminology of the contemporary juvenile justice system emphasizes: medical diagnoses whenever possible to support verdicts labels to facilitate appropriate placement protecting youth from harmful labels and stigmatizing effects verbiage such as “juvenile criminal” rather than “delinquent” C REF: 15 LO: 6
25. a. b. c. d. ANS:
The term referring to a difference, but not necessarily involving discrimination is: distinction differentiation dissention disparity D REF: 27 LO: 7
26. a. b. c. d. ANS:
Historically the juvenile justice system strives to be all of the following except: informal private adversarial rehabilitative C REF: 20 LO: 6
27.
Two of the most frequently consulted official sources of crime data are those compiled by: a. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) b. National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) c. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) and the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) d. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) ANS: A REF: 9 LO: 3 28.
The three methods to measure the nature and extent of unlawful acts by juveniles include all but the following EXCEPT: a. official data b. self report data c. victim survey d. unofficial data ANS: D REF: 5-6 LO: 3 29. a. b. c. d. ANS:
The UCR Index I offense list does not include: arson rape embezzlement murder C REF: 6 LO: 4 5
30.
The Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors the following categories of priority health risk behaviors among youth and young adults EXCEPT: a. tobacco use b. unhealthy dietary behaviors c. physical inactivity d. inappropriate social media use ANS: D REF: 11 LO: 5 True/False 1. The first juvenile court was established in 1899. ANS: true REF: 2 LO: 2 2.
The youngest age for juvenile court jurisdiction in delinquency matters ranges from age 8 to age 12. ANS: false REF: 4 LO: 2 3. Retributive justice is synonymous with the ancient concept of an 'eye for an eye.' ANS: false REF: 5 LO: 3 4. There is one federally mandated system of juvenile justice. ANS: false REF: 3 LO: 2 5. Legal factors include race, ethnicity, gender, social class and lifestyle. ANS: false REF: 27 LO: 8 6. Skipping school is an example of a status offense. ANS: true REF: 3
LO: 3
7.
State legislatures can extend the duration of time the juvenile court has jurisdiction over youth for disposition purposes, if doing so is in the best interests of the juveniles and the state. ANS: true REF: 4 LO: 2 8. Disparity refers to a difference, but not necessarily involving discrimination. ANS: true REF: 27 LO: 7 9. Restorative justice can only be traced back as far as the middle ages. ANS: false REF: 5 LO: 3 10.
The National Crime Victimization Survey collects data on crimes against individuals and households, regardless of whether they were reported to law enforcement. ANS: true REF: 9 LO: 3 6
11. The media, in most states, cannot access juvenile offenders’ identities. ANS: false REF: 25-26 LO: 7 12. The UCR captures crimes reported to law enforcement including simple assaults. ANS: false REF: 6-7 LO: 4 13. According to self-report studies, delinquency is almost universal. ANS: true REF: 10 LO: 5 14.
Self-report data reveals the same prevalence and frequency of offending as do court records. ANS: false REF: 10 LO: 5 15. Crime statistics are often close to media depictions of crime and delinquency. ANS: False REF: 14 LO: 7 16.
Commitment in the juvenile system is comparable to a sentence of incarceration in the adult system. ANS: true REF: 15 LO: 6 17. Youth are not arrested; they are taken into custody. ANS: true REF: 17 LO: 6 18. An adjudication hearing is comparable to the preliminary hearing in the adult system. ANS: true REF: 19 LO: 6 19.
Group homes, shelter homes, and mental health treatment facilities are considered as confinement. ANS: false REF: 19 LO: 6 20. Historically, the juvenile justice system stressed punishment of youth. ANS: false REF: 3 LO: 1 Short Answer 1. __________refers to a difference, but not necessarily involving discrimination. ANS: DISPARITY REF: 27 LO: 7 2.
The underlying premise of the first juvenile court was the responsibility of the __________ to protect its youth. ANS: STATE REF: 3 LO: 1 3.
The ______________ places those who are abused and neglected, those who commit status offenses, and those who are delinquents into the same judicial system. ANS: ONE-POT APPROACH REF: 3 LO: 1 7
4.
An act that would not be considered a crime if committed by an adult is called a ________________. ANS: STATUS OFFENSE REF: 3 LO: 2 5.
A _______________ is a youth who commits an act that would be a crime were it to be committed by an adult. ANS: JUVENILE DELINQUENT REF: 3 LO: 6 6.
The most commonly recognized oldest age for juvenile court jurisdiction in delinquency matters is _____. ANS: 17 REF: 4 LO: 2 7. Seeking revenge for unlawful behavior is referred to as ____________. ANS: RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE REF: 5 LO: 3 8. ____________ focuses on repairing the harm done to victims and to the community and stresses that offenders must contribute to the repair. ANS: RESTORATIVE JUSTICE REF: 5 LO: 3 9.
Researchers commonly use three methods to measure the nature and extent of unlawful acts by juveniles: ___________, _______________, and _______________. ANS: OFFICIAL DATA, SELF-REPORT DATA, VICTIM SURVEYS REF: 5 LO: 3 10.
________________ is information and statistics collected by the police, courts and corrections agencies on the local, regional and national levels. ANS: OFFICIAL DATA REF: 5 LO: 3 11.
The true number of crimes, called the ______________, is unknown and may be substantially greater than official data indicate. ANS: DARK FIGURE OF CRIME REF: 14 LO: 3 12.
The terminology used in the juvenile justice system emphasizes the importance of protecting youth from __________________. ANS: HARMFUL LABELS REF: 15 LO: 6 13.
________________ are characterized by a state executive agency having across-theboard state control of juvenile services. ANS: CENTRALIZED STATES REF: 16 LO: 7 14.
The juvenile justice system is a complex combination of three major components, _____________, ________________, and ______________. ANS: LAW ENFORCEMENT, COURTS, CORRECTIONS REF: 16 LO: 3
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15.
The secure placement of a youth into a facility at some point during court processing of their case is referred to as _________________. ANS: DETENTION REF: 18 LO: 6 Essay 1. Differentiate between restorative justice and retributive justice. Provide examples. ANS: *Restorative Justice – focuses on repairing the harm done to victims and to the community, stresses that offenders must contribute to the repair. *Retributive Justice – seeks revenge or recompense for unlawful behavior, crime defined as violation of the state. REF: 9-12 LO: 3 2. Discuss the UCR and its relationship to juvenile delinquency. ANS: *Uniform Crime Report *Collects offense information for Part I offenses *Contains statistics on violent crimes *Considers a juvenile to be an individual under 18 years of age *The program does not collect data regarding police contact with a juvenile who has not committed an offense REF: 13-16 LO: 4 3. Compare and contrast discrimination and disparity. Provide examples of each. ANS: *Discrimination: unfair, differential treatment of a particular group of youth, For example, Hispanics *Disparity: a difference, but not necessarily involving discrimination. Consider, for example, the fact that most college classes have primarily relatively young students, but this does not indicate age discrimination (Walker et al.) REF: 53-55 LO: 7 4. Compare and contrast the UCR and NCVS. ANS: *UCR – focuses on arrest of offenders, crime rates are largely per capita, captures Crimes reported to law enforcement but excludes simple assaults. *NCVS- focuses on victims of crimes, rates are per household, includes crimes both reported and not reported to law enforcement but excludes homicide, arson, commercial crimes and crimes against children under 12. REF: 18-19 LO: 5
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5. Discuss juvenile self-report surveys, compare them to official statistics. ANS: Self-Reports *Let youth personally reveal information about their violations of the law *Formats include one-to-one interviews, surveys and anonymous questionnaires Official Statistics *comparatively more reliable data source on serious crime than are self-reports REF: 27-28 LO: 6
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