Pembangunan
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Apa itu pembangunan
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Apa itu pembangunan Konsep generic - pertumbuhan; kemajuan; evolusi; dikaitkan dgn modenisasi; industrilisasi; perbandaran P'bgnan sebagai satu usaha yg dilakukan secara sedar oleh negara, kerajaan bersama rakyat utk tingkat taraf hidup Satu proses yg terjadi pd tahap atau tingkat sistem sosial (Rogers (1964)
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Apa itu pembangunan • World Bank views development as "a transformation of society, a movement from traditional relations, traditional ways of thinking, traditional methods of production, to more modern ways".
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Apa itu pembangunan • Stiglitz (1999) argues that a characteristic of traditional societies is the acceptance of the world as it is; the modern perspective recognizes change, it recognises that we, as individuals and societies, can take actions that, for instance, reduce mortality, increase life spans, and increase productivity.
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Apa itu pembangunan • Development should, then, be viewed as a multidimensional process involving major changes in social structures, popular attitudes and a national condition of life from unsatisfactory to satisfactory (Servaes 1999:77). • In this regard, argues Servaes (1999), satisfactory means materially well to do and spiritually happy or content with what one (or country with reference to this study unit) has got. © asnarul 2016/17
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Apa itu pembangunan Kemajuan, pembangunan dan pemodenan sebagai satu yang sama - peralihan drp masyarakat tani kpd masyarakat industri (Tehranian, 1979) Pembangunan membangkitkan masyarakat di negara membangunan drp keadaan miskin, tahap celik huruf yg rendah, penganguran yg tinggi dam ketidakadilan sosial kpd kead yg lebih baik (termasuk sosial, eko dan politik) (Seers, 1969) © asnarul 2016/17
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Apa itu pembangunan Dudley Seers argues that development is about outcomes, that is, development occurs with the reduction and elimination of poverty, inequality, and unemployment within a growing economy Professor Michael Todaro sees three objectives of development: • Producing more ‘life sustaining’ necessities such as food, shelter, and health care and broadening their distribution • Raising standards of living and individual self esteem • Expanding economic and social choice and reducing fear © asnarul 2016/17
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Apa itu pembangunan • Pembangunan sebagai satu pembebasan; memerdekakan rakyat drp kongkongan kebodohan/ kejahilan melalui usaha menggerakkan komuniti yg berada dilapisan bawahan sehingga dpt menguasai tindak tanduk mrk dlm menentukan kehendak ( Freire, 1972)
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The Human Development Index • The Human Development Index (HDI) is the measure of life expectancy, literacy, education, and standard of living for countries worldwide. It is a standard means of measuring well-being, especially child welfare. It is used to determine and indicate whether a country is a developed, developing, or underdeveloped country and also to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life.
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The Human Development Index (HDI) • HDI measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development: • A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth. • Knowledge and education, as measured by the adult literacy rate • A decent standard of living, as measured by the log of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) in USD.
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Jenis pembangunan Pembangunan ekonomi & ciri Pembangunan sosial & ciri Pembangunan politik & ciri Pembangunan insan & ciri Pembangunan lestari & ciri
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Pembangunan ekonomi Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the wellbeing of their inhabitants. From a policy perspective, economic development can be defined as efforts that seek to improve the economic well-being and quality of life for a community by creating and/or retaining jobs and supporting or growing incomes and the tax base.
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Pembangunan ekonomi Economic development encompasses three major areas: • 1) Policies that governments undertake to meet broad economic objectives such as price stability, high employment, expanded tax base, and sustainable growth.Such efforts include monetary and fiscal policies, regulation of financial institutions, trade, and tax policies. © asnarul 2016/17
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Pembangunan ekonomi Economic development encompasses three major areas: • 2) Policies and programs to provide infrastructure and services such as highways, parks, affordable housing, crime prevention, and K-workers
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Pembangunan ekonomi Economic development encompasses three major areas: • 3) Policies and programs explicitly directed at job creation and
retention through specific efforts in business finance, marketing, neighbourhood development, small business development, business retention and expansion, technology transfer, and real estate development. This third category is a primary focus of economic development professionals.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development
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Ciri-ciri pembangunan ekonomi • • • •
Peningkatan dalam kadar KDNK kenaikan dalam pendapatan perkapita produktiviti juga meningkat bagi memenuhi permintaan peningkatan dalam pelaburan berlaku - seperti pembinaan jalanraya dan lebuhraya, sekolah, terusan dan pengairan, klinik dan hospital, penyediaan kemudahan bekalan air dan elektrik, komunikasi, pembukaan pusat kediaman dan bandar baru yang mana dalam jangka panjang dapat menyumbangkan pula kepada pertumbuhan ekonomi negara. Contoh lain - pembinaan jalanraya , sekolah, hospital • simpanan atau tabungan meningkat (oleh individu, agensi kerajaan, kerajaan/negara) • Pembangunan ekonomi adalah merupakan sumber kepada pelaburan pembangunan sosial melalui mana peruntukan (modal) dan belanjawan pengurusan dapat disediakan
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Jenis pembangunan Pembangunan sosial & ciri the term ‘”social development’” refers to qualitative changes in the structure and functioning of society that help society to better realize its aims and objectives.
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Pembangunan sosial • sering dikaitkan dengan penyediaan kemudahan awam atau infrastruktur sosial (Kemudahan ini tidak mampu disediakan oleh rakyat) oleh pemerintah dan dimanfaatkan pula oleh rakyat yang tinggal di desa, bandar, mukim, • Antaranya ialah penyediaan kemudahan seperti sekolah, hospital dan klinik, kediaman, balai polis dan bomba, jalan raya, jambatan, telefon, bekalan air dan elektrik serta balai raya.
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Pembangunan sosial • Kemudahan sosial memberikan perkhidmatan tertentu iaitu pendidikan, kesihatan, perlindungan, keselamatan, perhubungan, komunikasi, kelengkapan moden dan pusat perkumpulan komuniti. • Jika dimanfaatkan dengan bijak kemudahn sosial dapat memberi faedah kepada komuniti sehingga mengizinkan perubahan sosial berlaku.
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Pembangunan sosial • Peningkatan mutu penyediaan perkhidmatan sosial meningkatkan pula kualiti hidup komuniti & meningkatkan kesejahteraan hidup • Meningkatnya kesejahteraan membolehkan komunti berusaha dan bekerja dengan lebih giat bagi menyumbang kepada peningkatan produktiviti akhirnya menyumbang pula kepada ekonomi negara.
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Jenis pembangunan Pembangunan politik & ciri Jelaskan berasaskan penjelasan seperti yg dibincangkan terdahulu (cari fakta sendiri)
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Jenis pembangunan Pembangunan insan & ciri Jelaskan berasaskan penjelasan seperti yg dibincangkan terdahulu (cari fakta sendiri)
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Jenis pembangunan Pembangunan lestari & ciri Jelaskan berasaskan penjelasan seperti yg dibincangkan terdahulu (cari fakta sendiri)
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Apakah tujuan pembangunan? Tingkat taraf hidup Tingkat kualiti hidup Kesejahteraan hidup Basmi kemiskinan & pengagihan Wujudkan keadilan sosial Perubahan sosial Tradisi -> moden Tingkat produktiviti
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Kesimpulan mengenai pembangunan: • “Development in the new perspective has been referred to as an overall process of transforming men and societies leading to a social order in which every human being can achieve moral and material well being” (FAO) • “Development has also been referred to as a whole, integrated, value-loaded cultural process encompassing the natural environment, social relations, education, production, consumption and well being” (Dag Hammarskjold Report, 1975) © asnarul 2016/17
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